Key terms & definitions

Opposition to war and violence that allows exceptions in extreme circumstances, such as protecting innocent people when peaceful alternatives have failed.

The probability that an event occurs when it is already known that another event has occurred.

The probability of an event occurring when another event is known to have occurred. $P(A\mid B)$ means the probability of $A$ given $B$.

Notation meaning “the probability of event A given event B”.

A loop whose repetition is controlled by whether a condition is true or false.

A loop whose continuation depends on a condition, rather than a predetermined number of repetitions.

A previously neutral stimulus that produces a learned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

The process through which repeated teaching and experience shape a person’s expectations and behaviour.

Learning through associations, including associations between behaviour and its consequences.

The event known to have occurred when calculating a conditional probability. In $P(B\mid A)$, A is the conditioning event.

The transfer of energy through a material from a region at higher temperature to a region at lower temperature, without the material moving overall.

Energy transfer through a material from hotter regions to colder regions without the material moving overall.

Heat transfer through direct contact, passing from particle to particle from a hotter region to a cooler region.

A textile that allows an electric current to pass through conductive fibres or threads within it.

A fibre capable of carrying an electrical current, allowing electronic components to be connected within a textile.

An ink that forms electrically conducting paths when applied to a surface.

The ability of a material to transfer electrical charge or thermal energy.

The ability to transfer heat or carry electric current; thermal and electrical conductivity must be distinguished.

A material, such as a wire, through which electric charge can flow.

A material through which electric charge can flow.

A channel or pipe carrying water; public conduits supplied water at communal collection points.

A joint with an oval-shaped rounded surface fitting into a shallow depression, allowing movement in two planes, as at the wrist.

A solid with a circular base and a curved surface that narrows to one apex.

A retinal photoreceptor that functions best in bright light and enables colour vision and detailed vision.

A thin part of a loudspeaker or headphones that vibrates and causes the surrounding air to vibrate.

Unintentionally filling gaps in memory with inaccurate details that the person believes are true.

A sacred form of Roman marriage required for the Flamen Dialis and Flaminica Dialis.

The Confederate States of America, formed by seceding southern states in February 1861 and led by Jefferson Davis.

A person who works with researchers and plays a planned role while appearing to other participants to be an ordinary participant or member of the public.

A Protestant movement established in 1934 to oppose Nazi interference in the Church.