Key terms & definitions

A solution containing a relatively large amount of dissolved substance per unit volume.

A solution containing a relatively large amount of dissolved substance per unit volume.

A liquid containing more ethanol relative to water than the liquid it was obtained from.

A US government policy of allocating particular territories to Plains tribes, aiming to separate them from settlers and reduce conflict between tribes.

The quantity of a dissolved substance in a given volume of solution.

The amount of dissolved substance in a given volume of solution.

The amount of a substance in a given volume of a mixture or solution.

The amount of a particular ingredient in a given amount of mixture.

The process through which fewer owners come to control a larger proportion of the media.

A camp in which people were imprisoned, often without trial, under brutal conditions. The Nazis used these camps to terrorise opponents and persecute targeted groups.

The difference in a substance’s concentration between the two sides of an exchange membrane.

A difference in the concentration of a substance between two regions.

A difference in the concentration of a substance between two regions. Net diffusion occurs from higher to lower concentration.

A difference in the concentration of a substance between two areas, along which diffusion occurs.

The process through which fewer organisations control a larger share of the media.

A castle with inner and outer defensive walls arranged so that the different lines of defence support one another.

Circles with the same centre. Around a straight current-carrying wire, the wire passes through their common centre.

A muscle contraction in which the muscle shortens while producing tension.

A castle arrangement with an inner defensive wall surrounded by an outer defensive wall, creating successive barriers against attackers.

Fertilisation: when a sperm cell joins with an egg cell.

A broad geographical idea used to organise an enquiry, connect evidence and explain findings.

A music video form organised around ideas, symbolism or abstract imagery rather than only a story or a performance.

Acknowledging that an opposing argument has some merit without necessarily accepting its conclusion.

The teaching authority exercised by the bishops gathered in a Church council in communion with the Pope.

The exercise of the Catholic Church’s teaching authority through Church councils, where bishops gather with and under the authority of the Pope.

A policy of reducing hostility through moderation and a willingness to accept submission.

Proposals developed by a cross-party group of MPs in 1910–1912 to grant parliamentary votes to a limited group of women meeting property qualifications.

A final answer to a question, justified by the evidence and reasoning presented.

A judgement about what an investigation shows, supported by its results and reasoning.

A judgement about what the evidence shows, limited to what the data can support.