Key terms & definitions

Behaviour that follows the expectations or rules of a group, often at the expense of individual choices.

A factor associated with both the factor being investigated and the outcome, which may provide an alternative explanation for an observed relationship.

A third variable that affects both variables being studied and can therefore create or alter an apparent correlation.

Another variable that could explain an apparent relationship between the two variables being studied.

A third variable that may influence both variables being compared, creating or altering an apparent correlation.

An uncontrolled extraneous variable that varies systematically with the independent variable, providing an alternative explanation for the results.

A Chinese ethical and philosophical tradition based on the teachings of Confucius, emphasising proper conduct, family duties, hierarchy and social harmony.

A fee charged for driving within a designated area, intended to discourage car use and reduce traffic.

A fee charged for driving within a designated area, intended to discourage traffic and encourage alternative ways of travelling.

A large company that owns a range of other companies, often operating across several media sectors.

Ownership in which a parent company controls several smaller companies. Bauer’s radio and magazine businesses are part of a wider media group.

The people gathered together for a religious service.

Worship carried out together by a gathered community, rather than by an individual alone.

The United States legislature, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate.

The relationship between figures that have the same shape and size, so their corresponding sides and angles are equal.

A set of matching measurements sufficient to establish that two triangles are congruent.

The symbol $\equiv$, used to state that two figures are congruent.

Shapes that are exactly the same shape and size; corresponding lengths and angles are equal.

Figures that have exactly the same shape and size, although their position or orientation may differ.

A shape with exactly the same shape and size as another: corresponding side lengths and corresponding angles are equal.

Shapes that have exactly the same shape and size, although their positions or orientations may differ.

Triangles with exactly the same size and shape, so that every pair of corresponding sides and angles is equal.

A cone-bearing tree, such as pine, spruce or fir, usually with needle-shaped leaves.

A cone-bearing tree, usually with needle-like or scale-like leaves. Most conifers are evergreen.

Trees that bear cones, such as pine and fir; those typical of boreal forests are evergreen.

A proposed result suggested by a pattern or diagram but not yet proved.

A conclusion based on incomplete evidence rather than established knowledge.

Happiness within marriage.

The roles and responsibilities of spouses within a marriage, including paid work, domestic tasks and decision-making.

One of a pair of two-term expressions differing only in the sign between their terms, such as $3+\sqrt2$ and .