Key terms & definitions

A rectangular grave lined with stone slabs or mudbrick, generally intended for an individual burial.

A fortified stronghold within or adjoining a town, which can remain in enemy hands even when the surrounding town is captured.

A fortified stronghold, often occupying elevated ground and containing important buildings.

A brief acknowledgement placed beside information used from a source, linked to its full reference.

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora: an international agreement intended to ensure that trade in wild animals and plants does not threaten species’ survival.

Filmmaking by ordinary people enabled by increasingly accessible equipment, including lightweight cameras and mobile phones.

A member of the public who gathers and shares news, photographs, video or commentary rather than relying solely on professional news organisations.

The nationality category introduced by the British Nationality Act 1948 for people connected with the United Kingdom and its colonies.

Taking part in political or community life to influence decisions and address problems.

Membership of a political community, bringing recognised rights and obligations. Granting conquered peoples Roman citizenship helped incorporate them into the Roman state.

Membership of a political community, carrying a recognised position within it; its rights and obligations depended on the community and period.

A school subject concerned with life in modern Britain, including citizenship and participation in society.

A planned course of informed action addressing a citizenship issue and aiming to benefit or change a community or wider society.

A broad idea that can be applied to different citizenship issues, such as democracy, equality, justice or participation.

A focused investigation using research questions and evidence to examine a citizenship issue, idea or debate.

A matter concerning people in society, such as their rights, responsibilities or participation in decisions.

An individual action citizens can use to participate or seek change, such as voting, petitioning or lobbying.

A linked sequence of activities or events followed to achieve an outcome, such as the stages involved in changing a law or taking a case through court.

An ability used to investigate issues, communicate views or participate effectively in society, such as critical thinking, teamwork or advocacy.

A woman belonging to the Athenian citizen community by descent. Her status mattered for her children’s citizenship, but did not give her the political rights exercised by male citizens.

A large, densely populated urban settlement containing homes, workplaces and services for its residents and surrounding area.

An Athenian festival honouring Dionysus, with theatrical competitions alongside processions and religious ceremonies.

An Athenian religious festival honouring Dionysus, including processions, choral contests and competitive dramatic performances.

Organisations that regulated particular crafts and trades in the City of London.

A city and the surrounding area linked to it through flows such as migration, commuting and access to services.

A Greek community organised as an independent political state, usually including a town and its surrounding territory.

The responsibilities expected of a member of a political community, such as participating in public affairs and defending the city.

The duty of citizens to help maintain order in their town or local community.

Proceedings concerning a dispute over legal rights or obligations, usually between individuals or organisations.

Measures intended to protect civilians from attack and help them cope with its consequences, including shelters and emergency assistance.