OCR GCSE History B key terms

A senior bishop who oversees a group of dioceses. Late Anglo-Saxon England had archbishops at Canterbury and York.

The hereditary, usually landowning elite, often holding titles such as duke or earl.

A fleet of warships; the Spanish Armada was the fleet sent against England in 1588.

Weapons, ammunition and military equipment produced for armed forces.

A competition between countries to increase the size or power of their armed forces and weapons.

Money owed that has not been paid when due, such as soldiers’ overdue wages.

Deliberately setting fire to property.

Large guns used in warfare. Babur used artillery alongside other weapons and disciplined troops to defeat his opponents.

A skilled worker who makes things by hand, such as a stone-cutter.

An evidence-based attempt to show how a place, structure or activity may have looked in the past, usually through a drawing, model or digital image.

A Nazi racial label used to describe people whom the regime regarded as belonging to its supposedly superior racial group. It was an ideological classification, not a valid biological distinction.

The Nazi label for a supposedly superior racial group, especially Germans whom the Nazis regarded as having the desired ancestry. This was a racist classification, not a scientifically valid division of humanity.

The forced transfer of Jewish-owned businesses to non-Jewish ownership, often at prices far below their market value.

The peninsula forming much of modern-day Turkey, which the crusaders crossed on their journey towards Antioch.

Employment contracts used for lascar crews which provided lower pay and different conditions from the European Articles used for European sailors.

The process by which newcomers become integrated into the surrounding population, adopting or combining aspects of its language, customs and institutions.

County courts at which travelling royal judges heard serious criminal cases.

Protection given by a country to someone who cannot safely return to their own country.

A person who has requested protection in another country and is waiting for a decision on their claim.

A prince of royal blood in Anglo-Saxon England; the title indicated royal ancestry rather than guaranteeing succession.

A device used to throw darts or javelins with greater force.

An act of extreme cruelty, such as the massacre of civilians or prisoners.

A Spanish royal court of justice that also exercised governing powers in New Spain.

An Indian female servant employed to care for a household’s children, often accompanying an employer’s family on a voyage to England.

The memoirs of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, which include his descriptions and judgements of Hindustan.

Terraced houses joined to other houses at the sides and at the back, leaving few openings for ventilation.

An enclosed courtyard within a castle's defences.