OCR GCSE History A key terms

The legal ending of a religious house’s existence as an institution.

The highest court in the United States, which can decide whether laws and government actions comply with the Constitution.

A workshop where employees work long hours for low pay, often with little job security.

A levy imposed by a ruler. English kings could demand tallages from Jewish communities whenever they chose.

A tax on imported goods, often intended to protect domestic producers from foreign competition.

A movement encouraging restraint in, or abstinence from, drinking alcohol; its supporters helped campaign for prohibition.

A person who rents a home from a landlord.

A farmer who pays rent to use land owned by someone else.

A landholder who held land directly from the king. Tenants-in-chief included powerful nobles and senior churchmen.

A building containing separate homes for several households, often as flats within a larger block.

A federal policy intended to end recognition of particular Native American tribes and their special relationship with the United States government.

The sustained German bombing campaign against British towns and cities that began in September 1940.

An Anglo-Saxon landholding noble who performed military and administrative service, including fighting, collecting taxes and administering local justice.

The allegation that elements within South Africa’s security establishment secretly encouraged political violence to weaken the ANC and disrupt the transition.

The policy associated with Laud and Strafford of strengthening royal authority through efficient, centralised administration and uncompromising enforcement.

A compulsory contribution paid to support the Church.

The part of the 1964 US Civil Rights Act that prohibited employment discrimination on grounds including sex, covering hiring and promotion.

P. W. Botha’s approach to defending white rule through a combination of limited reforms, repression and military action against perceived threats inside and outside South Africa.

War in which a country mobilises its civilian population, economy and resources as well as its armed forces, making civilian life part of the war effort.

Restrictions on trade intended to put pressure on a country to change its behaviour.

An organisation of workers that represents their interests, including pay, working conditions and job security.

The forced transportation and sale of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas and Caribbean.

Migration through an intermediate country on the way to a further destination.

The compulsory removal of convicted people overseas as a punishment, often followed by a fixed period of compulsory labour.

The belief that the bread and wine consecrated at Mass become Christ’s body and blood.

The three-house parliamentary system created by South Africa’s 1983 constitution, with separate representation for whites, Indians and Coloured people but none for Black Africans.

President Harry Truman’s commitment, announced on 12 March 1947, to support peoples resisting armed minorities or outside pressure. It became a basis for American containment of communism.