AQA GCSE History key terms

A person who searches for valuable mineral deposits, such as gold.

The system of government headed by a Lord Protector, first Oliver Cromwell from 1653 and then briefly his son Richard.

Action expressing opposition to a decision, condition or authority, often intended to bring about change.

A family of Christian traditions arising from challenges to the Catholic Church, rejecting papal authority and emphasising the authority of the Bible.

The temporary government established after Tsar Nicholas II abdicated in March 1917. It continued Russia’s involvement in the First World War.

An agreement imposed on Henry III in 1258 that increased baronial control over government and restricted the king’s freedom to make decisions.

A conflict in which outside powers support opposing sides rather than openly fighting a war against each other.

Measures taken to protect the health of a community, such as supplying clean water and disposing of waste.

Government-financed construction projects, such as dams and roads, which create employment as well as infrastructure.

A condition that attracts people to a destination, such as available work or better economic prospects.

A state that is formally separate but is controlled by another country.

The removal of people regarded as opponents or threats from an organisation or society; under Stalin, this could involve dismissal, imprisonment or execution.

Using treatments to cause vomiting or empty the bowels, commonly intended to remove harmful or excessive humours.

A Protestant who wanted further reform of the English Church to remove practices considered too similar to Catholicism.

A Protestant movement seeking to remove remaining Catholic-style practices from the Church of England and make its worship and organisation more thoroughly Protestant.

Protestants who wanted further reform of the English Church and greater emphasis on godly behaviour.

A condition that encourages people to leave a place, such as unemployment, persecution or violence.

An attempt to overthrow a government by force.

The selling of supposed cures through misleading claims, often by unqualified people seeking profit.

The four mathematical subjects traditionally studied together: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music.

Separating or restricting the movement of people, goods or vessels that might carry infection to prevent its spread.

A structure beside water where vessels can load and unload people and goods.

Latin for ‘by what warrant’: inquiries requiring holders of privileges to show the authority by which they exercised them.

Unfair treatment of people because of their perceived race or ethnic background.

Prejudice, discrimination or hostility directed at people because of their race or ethnic background.

The use of radiation to treat cancer, rather than to produce a diagnostic image.

A campaign for fundamental political change, such as widening voting rights and challenging unequal parliamentary representation.