AQA GCSE History key terms

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, whose members coordinate oil policies, including production targets.

A farming arrangement in which large village fields were divided into strips cultivated by different households.

Unfenced grazing land used by cattle ranchers, which was increasingly divided by farms and fences.

The German invasion of the Soviet Union, launched on 22 June 1941.

The US-led military operation launched in Afghanistan on 7 October 2001, with British participation, against al-Qaeda and the Taliban regime.

The sustained US air offensive against North Vietnam in 1972, intended to disrupt its supplies and help stop its offensive against South Vietnam.

The sustained US bombing campaign against North Vietnam and supply routes, lasting from March 1965 to November 1968.

The study of light and vision.

An overland migration route used by settlers travelling towards Oregon, crossing the Rocky Mountains through South Pass.

Criminal activity carried out by groups with continuing organisation, often using violence and bribery to protect their profits.

The empire ruled by the Ottoman sultan, centred on modern-day Turkey; it fought alongside Germany and Austria-Hungary in the First World War.

A person declared outside the protection of the law.

A superior ruler who claims authority over another ruler, including a right to demand loyalty and service.

The speed at which change takes place.

A ceremonial band worn by an archbishop, granted by the pope as a sign of his religious authority.

The belief that Arab peoples share an identity and should pursue political unity or solidarity across national borders.

The office and authority of the pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church.

An official document issued by the pope.

An organisation structured and uniformed like a military force but separate from the regular armed forces.

Royal forgiveness of an offence, which could release an offender from its legal consequences.

The agreement signed on 27 January 1973 intended to end fighting in Vietnam and secure the withdrawal of US forces.

The institution summoned by the monarch to help make laws and grant taxation, comprising the House of Lords and House of Commons.

The power of Parliament to participate in government and hold rulers to account.

A system in which people influence government through elected representatives in Parliament.

A system in which the government is accountable to parliament and depends on its support to remain in office.

More than half of the seats in a parliament, giving a party or cooperating group enough votes to outvote the remaining representatives.

Resistance fighters who use guerrilla warfare against an occupying army, often operating behind enemy lines.