Citizenship Studies key terms

Four international treaties agreed in 1949 that provide major protections for victims of armed conflict.

A sense of connection to people, communities and concerns across the world, beyond one country.

A particular benefit or change that an action is intended to achieve.

The people responsible for running the country and developing and carrying out policies, led by the Prime Minister.

The practical organisation and work needed to put government decisions into effect and deliver public services.

An organisation responsible for a particular area of government work, such as transport or defence. Most are led by ministers.

Money provided by government to another organisation or level of government to help fund its work.

Money received by government, mainly through taxation.

Work directly involving local people and communities, rather than being directed only from national or international leadership.

England, Scotland and Wales collectively; it does not include Northern Ireland.

A government document setting out ideas for discussion and consultation, which may lead to proposals for legislation.

A complaint that a worker raises with their employer about a workplace problem.

A sense of belonging based on membership of a group with shared characteristics, interests, experiences or beliefs.

Influence exercised through military force or coercive economic pressure.

The person who formally represents a country and performs its constitutional and ceremonial duties. In the UK, this is the monarch, not the Prime Minister.

Crime that does not come to the attention of the authorities or appear in official records.

A court that deals with more complex or high-value civil cases and important legal issues. It can also review the lawfulness of decisions made by public bodies.

The elected chamber of the UK Parliament, whose MPs represent constituencies. A UK government must be able to command its confidence.

Emergency assistance, such as food, shelter and medical care, provided to people affected by conflict or disaster.

Help provided to protect life and meet people's essential needs during emergencies, including food, clean water, shelter and healthcare.

An emergency, such as a conflict or natural disaster, that threatens people's lives, health, safety or access to essentials and creates a need for substantial assistance.

Assistance intended to meet urgent needs and protect people at risk during or after a crisis.

A basic right belonging to every person simply because they are human, regardless of nationality or citizenship.

A UK law that gives effect to rights in the European Convention on Human Rights, requires public authorities to respect those rights and enables people to seek protection in UK courts.

A situation in which no single political party holds a majority of seats in the House of Commons.

A proposed explanation or prediction that can be tested against evidence.

A person's sense of who they are, shaped by their characteristics, experiences, beliefs and relationships with others.