Biology key terms

A blood vessel that carries blood into a kidney.

The outer region of the kidney, containing Bowman’s capsules and proximal convoluted tubules.

The inner region of the kidney, into which loops of Henlé extend and through which collecting ducts pass.

A central, funnel-shaped space that collects urine and leads into the ureter.

A blood vessel that carries blood away from a kidney.

The replacement of damaged, dead or worn-out cells with new cells.

A repeat of a measurement made under the same conditions, used to identify anomalous results and make a mean more reliable.

The closeness of results obtained when the same investigator repeats a measurement using the same method and equipment under the same conditions.

A measurement made again under the same conditions to assess measurement variation; it does not by itself increase the number of independent individuals in a sample.

Repeating an investigation to test whether its findings can be obtained again.

A model that uses a physical analogy or diagram to help visualise a system or mechanism.

A sample whose relevant characteristics reflect those of the target population closely enough to support valid conclusions about it.

How closely results agree when an investigation is repeated by a different person or with different equipment or in a different place.

Obtaining similar findings when someone else carries out the investigation.

A chemical messenger involved in sexual development or reproduction and carried in the blood to target organs.

A difference between populations that prevents them from interbreeding to produce fertile offspring.

A section of DNA chosen for transfer because it carries the desired genetic information.

The ability of an organism to survive exposure to a substance that would normally kill it; antibiotic-resistant bacteria can survive an antibiotic that kills susceptible bacteria.

The ability to distinguish two points that are close together as separate points.

Materials obtained and used by people, such as food, water, fuels and raw materials.

A chemical process that transfers energy for use by cells.

A sealed apparatus that measures a change in gas volume as an organism takes up oxygen.

The action or change produced after a stimulus has been detected and information has been coordinated.

A measurement taken while a person is seated quietly before exercise, used as a comparison for later measurements.

An enzyme that recognises particular DNA sequences and cuts the DNA there.

An enzyme that cuts DNA at a particular base sequence.

The light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye, containing receptors that detect light intensity and colour.

A tiny sub-cellular structure where proteins are made.