Key terms & definitions

The government minister who leads the Treasury and is responsible for taxation, public spending and management of the UK's public finances.

A difference over time in a historical feature, such as weapons, army organisation or the experience of war.

The difference between the final and initial values of a quantity; it may be positive or negative.

The difference between two values, commonly written using the Greek letter delta, $\Delta$.

The difference between the final and initial gravitational potential energy, measured in joules (J).

The difference between an object's final and initial vertical positions, measured in metres (m).

The change in the energy stored within a material, measured in joules (J).

The final mass minus the initial mass; it is positive for a gain and negative for a loss.

The final momentum minus the initial momentum; for an object of constant mass, $\Delta p=m(v-u)=m\Delta v$.

The difference between the final and initial values of a measured quantity.

The difference between two rates of decay, showing how much faster or slower decay has become.

The difference between the final and initial temperatures: $\Delta\theta=\theta_{\text{final}}-\theta_{\text{initial}}$.

The change in energy stored thermally when the temperature of a system changes, measured in joules (J).

Final velocity minus initial velocity: $v-u$, measured in m/s.

The difference between an object's final and initial vertical heights, measured in metres (m).

A change between solid, liquid and gas in which the substance remains chemically the same.

A physical change in which a substance changes between the solid, liquid and gas states without becoming a different substance.

A physical change between solid, liquid and gas, without changing the chemical identity of the substance.

A fieldwork approach that compares evidence from different dates or times to identify what has changed and by how much.

Algebraically rewriting an equation so that a chosen variable is alone on one side.

The shape of a river channel from one bank to the other, including its width and depth.

A view across a river channel showing its shape and changes in depth from one bank to the other.

Artificial alteration of a river channel, including straightening it, to move water downstream more quickly.

A simple style of singing used particularly in religious worship.

Singing or rhythmically repeating words, sacred texts or sounds as a religious practice.

A religious foundation supported by donated property or money to pay priests to say prayers and Masses for the souls of the dead.

A chapel associated with prayers for the dead; Olivia takes Sebastian to a nearby chantry to pledge his faith before a priest.

A person who accompanied someone in public to supervise their behaviour. Young women were traditionally expected to have a chaperone when meeting male companions.

A priest who serves a household or institution, conducting religious services and sometimes undertaking administrative work.

A religious care worker who provides spiritual guidance and personal support, including in institutions such as prisons.