Key terms & definitions

Managing the amount and timing of stock held so that a business can meet demand without unnecessary stockholding costs.

Material supplied in a standard shape or format, such as a sheet, board, bar, tube or roll, from which components can be made.

A standard length of material available to purchase from a supplier.

The process of offering a company’s shares to investors and listing them on a stock market for the first time.

Material routinely held by suppliers in standard forms and sizes, ready for purchase.

A situation in which a business runs out of an item of stock.

A situation in which a business runs out of a particular item of stock.

Using older food supplies before newer ones so that food is less likely to spoil before it is used.

A public punishment in which a seated offender’s ankles were secured in a wooden framework.

Enclosures used to hold and sort livestock before sale or transport.

The whole number placed before a formula in a balanced equation; it shows the relative number of moles and, for gases under the same conditions, the relative gas volume.

The whole-number numbers placed before formulae in a balanced equation; they show the reacting mole ratio.

The quantitative relationship between substances in a chemical reaction, obtained from a balanced equation.

The quantitative relationship between the amounts of reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation.

The quantitative relationship between the amounts of reactants and products in a chemical reaction, expressed by the mole ratios in its balanced equation.

A philosophical ideal of using reason and self-control to endure suffering and events beyond one’s control.

The hot working space aboard a steamship where workers fed coal into furnaces to heat water and produce steam.

A small pore in the leaf epidermis through which gases and water vapour can pass.

A pore in a leaf's surface through which gases, including water vapour, can diffuse; its opening is controlled by guard cells.

Tiny pores in a leaf's surface through which gases and water vapour can pass.

Pores in the surface of a leaf through which gases, including carbon dioxide and oxygen, diffuse.

A line of stones built along a slope’s contour to slow surface run-off, encourage infiltration and trap sediment.

A Scottish royal stone associated with kingship, removed to Westminster by Edward I in 1296.

A legal power allowing police to detain and search a person or vehicle for specified purposes, such as looking for stolen goods. Under ordinary PACE powers, reasonable grounds for suspicion are required.

A place where migrants pause during a journey before travelling onwards to another destination.

The total distance a vehicle travels from a driver noticing a need to stop until the vehicle comes to rest.

The total distance a vehicle travels from when the driver notices a hazard until the vehicle stops: thinking distance plus braking distance.

The time during which a stopping force acts to bring an object to rest.

Holding encoded information in memory over time.

The amount of data a storage device can hold, commonly measured in gigabytes (GB) or terabytes (TB).