Key terms & definitions

Frustration arising when people cannot gain the social standing and recognition they seek through accepted routes.

The value, position and recognition given to women within a religious community, including their opportunities to participate and lead.

A possession or display used to show someone’s wealth and social importance.

A written law enacted under royal authority.

A law passed in 1351 which attempted to hold workers’ wages at pre-Black Death levels and restrict their freedom to move for better-paid work.

A law passed in 1285 that strengthened merchants’ ability to recover debts, helping to make trading on credit more secure.

Edward I’s settlement of 1284, which organised Welsh territory under direct royal control into six shire counties and introduced English-style administration and law, while retaining some Welsh legal practices.

A law introduced by Edward I in 1275 that prohibited Jews from lending at interest, restricting an important source of income.

A law changing arrangements for passing on landed property, resented by nobles and gentry because it increased their exposure to payments owed to the Crown.

Regulation based on laws and legally established powers, rather than only on an industry's voluntary standards.

One of the five divisions of A Christmas Carol. The musical term connects the novella’s structure to its title.

A protest in which workers collectively stay away from work.

A line of straight stitching through a single fabric layer that helps prevent an edge stretching out of shape during construction.

A camera-stabilising device developed by Garrett Brown that keeps the image steady while allowing fluid movement.

A historical model in which the Universe expands but maintains the same overall appearance and average density over time.

Water in its gaseous state; it can raise moist mixtures when heating turns their water into steam.

Using steam to make solid timber flexible enough to bend around a former, then holding it until it dries and retains its shape.

Cooking food in steam above heated water, without immersing the food in the water.

An alloy of iron containing controlled amounts of carbon and, in some types, other elements.

An upright grave marker, sometimes decorated with relief carving. The plural is stelae.

A display that splits each numerical observation into a stem and a leaf, grouping and ordering the data while retaining the individual values.

A cell that has not yet become specialised and can divide to produce more stem cells and cells that differentiate into specialised types.

An undifferentiated cell that can produce many more cells of the same type and can give rise to certain other cell types through differentiation.

Unspecialised cells that can divide and develop into specialised types of cell.

The use of stem cells, or specialised cells produced from them, to replace damaged or missing cells in a patient.

Water flowing down plant branches and trunks towards the ground.

A sheet with cut-out openings through which colour is applied to reproduce a graphic on another surface.

A small tube inserted into an artery to hold it open and allow blood to flow through.

A small supporting tube inserted into an artery to hold it open and improve blood flow.

World Jewish Relief’s Specialist Training and Employment Programme, which helps refugees from all backgrounds move into work in the UK.