Key terms & definitions

A circular chart divided into sectors showing each category's proportion of a total.

The Roman ideal of fulfilling obligations towards the gods, family and community.

Religious devotion, expressed through beliefs and actions such as prayer and support for the Church.

Faithful fulfilment of obligations to the gods, family and community. Aeneas demonstrates this through his care for his family and the preservation of Troy’s sacred objects.

Devotion to God, expressed through religious belief and practice.

A material that generates electrical charge when mechanically stressed and can also change shape when a voltage is applied.

An input component containing a material that generates electrical charge when mechanically stressed, making it useful for detecting impacts, vibration and changing forces.

A coloured substance. Plant leaves contain chlorophyll and other pigments that can be separated by chromatography.

A coloured substance used to make paint.

A colouring substance mixed into a material, such as the resin used in GRP.

A long spear used by infantry, increasingly combined with firearms in Tudor armies.

A body position in which the body is bent forwards at the hips while the legs remain straight.

An infantry soldier armed with a long spear called a pike, used against enemy infantry and to protect troops from cavalry.

The Jewish principle of saving human life, which takes priority over most other religious obligations when life is endangered.

Small stacks or pillars supporting the raised floor above the hot-air space of a hypocaust.

A construction in which additional yarns form loops or cut ends projecting from a woven base.

A person who makes a religious journey to a holy place.

A journey to a place regarded as holy, made for religious reasons.

A journey made for religious or spiritual reasons, often to a place of religious significance.

A series of northern English uprisings in 1536 against Henry VIII’s religious changes and government, followed by renewed unrest and repression in 1537.

The Church on earth understood as a community travelling towards its final perfection with God, rather than already possessing that perfection.

The Christian community understood as people travelling together through life towards God, whose faith should shape their actions and service to others.

Stealing goods and supplies by force, especially during warfare.

A drilling machine with a drill head supported above a work table, allowing controlled drilling into secured material.

The formation of small balls of tangled fibres on a fabric’s surface through wear and rubbing.

A public punishment in which an offender’s head and hands were secured in a wooden framework.

A small hole made before inserting a screw, helping to guide it and reduce the risk of splitting the timber.

A small preliminary investigation used to check the method and identify safe, practical and measurable values for the main investigation.

A small preliminary investigation used to check a method and help select suitable values before the main investigation.

A small-scale trial carried out before the main research to test the proposed methods and identify problems.