Key terms & definitions

Data which should be accepted by a program without causing errors.

The invasion and subsequent establishment of Norman rule in England following William’s victory at Hastings in 1066.

The variety of French spoken by the Norman ruling class after the conquest of England.

The replacement of English leaders and practices with Norman or other continental leaders and practices after the Norman Conquest.

The people of Normandy, whose culture developed from Scandinavian settlers mixing with the local population and adopting Christianity and a form of French.

The interpretation that the Norman Conquest imposed oppressive foreign rule on the English population.

Reference results from a group of people, used to judge an individual's score relative to a suitable comparison group, often matched by age and sex.

People from Scandinavia and their overseas communities who shared related languages and cultural traditions during the Viking Age.

The pre-Christian religious beliefs and practices of the Vikings, including worship of gods such as Odin and Thor.

The warm ocean-current extension into the North Atlantic that helps moderate the climate of north-western Europe.

An alliance of Afghan groups opposed to the Taliban which provided ground forces during the 2001 campaign.

A numbered horizontal map-grid line. Northing values increase towards the north and are read second in a grid reference.

The kingdoms of England, Denmark and Norway brought under Cnut’s rule in the early eleventh century.

The end of a magnet or compass needle that points towards north when free to turn.

The contrast between relatively prosperous areas of southern England and struggling industrial areas in northern England and other parts of Britain.

Broad differences in economic and social conditions between London and southern England, especially the South East, and much of northern England.

An alliance of Indigenous nations formed to resist American expansion into their lands in the region north of the Ohio River.

A sea route sought around the north of North America to reach Asian markets.

An affectionate longing for the past.

An affectionate longing for the past, which media products can create through familiar images, styles and sounds.

An affectionate or idealised longing for the past. In film, nostalgia can select appealing features of an earlier period while reducing attention to its difficulties.

Homecoming or return home, especially a hero’s return after war. In the Odyssey, it involves recovering family and household as well as reaching Ithaca.

A logical operation that reverses a Boolean value: 0 becomes 1 and 1 becomes 0. Written using an overbar: $\overline{A}$.

The argument that a government should not impose taxes on people who have no elected representatives in the body making those decisions.

Cutting a small recess or slot in paper or board to remove unwanted bulk or allow components to fit together.

A media organisation whose main purpose is not to distribute profit to owners. Any surplus can be reinvested in its work.

An organisation whose main purpose is not to distribute profit to owners, but to pursue another purpose, such as a social aim. It may still earn a surplus to support its activities.

An organisation that uses its income to carry out its purpose and reinvests any surplus to support that purpose, rather than distributing it as profit to owners.

An organisation that uses any surplus to support its purposes rather than distributing it as profit to owners.

A gate that inverts its single input: 0 becomes 1 and 1 becomes 0.