Key terms & definitions

Athena ‘the Virgin’, represented by Pheidias’ gold-and-ivory statue inside the Parthenon.

Athena as guardian of the city, worshipped through an ancient wooden image distinct from the statue of Athena Parthenos.

Athena ‘who fights in the front line’, represented by Pheidias’ large bronze statue on the Athenian Acropolis.

The gathering of Athenian male citizens who debated public business and voted on decisions; also called the ekklesia.

A fatty deposit in an artery wall that narrows the space through which blood flows.

The build-up of fatty material in artery walls, which narrows the space for blood flow and increases the risk of blood clots.

The build-up of fatty plaques in artery walls, which narrows the space through which blood flows.

One of ten officials, representing Athens’ ten tribes, who served for four years and organised the Great Panathenaia’s musical, athletic and equestrian contests.

A simplified model linking European manufactured goods sent to Africa, enslaved Africans transported to the Americas, and plantation products shipped to Europe.

A map in a collection of maps, often showing countries, regions or the world and information such as relief, population or climate.

A device used to throw darts or javelins with greater force.

The soul, which Sikhs believe is present in every living being, including humans and animals.

The eternal soul or true self, distinct from the physical body.

The mixture of gases surrounding the Earth.

The thin layer of air surrounding the Earth, held there by gravity.

The layer of gases surrounding the Earth.

The mood or feeling created by a writer's choices of description, events and language.

The feeling created by a setting and its presentation, such as unease, excitement or calm.

The mood and feeling at a sporting event, created partly by spectators’ cheering, chanting and applause.

A large circulation loop in which air rises, moves at altitude, sinks and returns near the surface.

The bending and blurring of light as it passes through moving layers of air.

The relative amounts of gases in the air, including oxygen, carbon dioxide and gaseous pollutants.

A substance in the air that can harm human health or the environment.

The release of harmful substances into the air.

The force exerted by the weight of air on an area of the Earth's surface.

The force per unit area exerted on a surface by air molecules colliding with it.

The smallest particle of an element that can take part in chemical reactions, consisting of a nucleus surrounded by electrons.

A particle containing a nucleus surrounded by electrons; it has no overall electric charge when its numbers of protons and electrons are equal.

A particle of an element consisting of a nucleus surrounded by electrons, with no overall electrical charge.

The percentage of the total relative mass of the reactants that becomes the desired useful product, as shown by a balanced equation.