Key terms & definitions

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

A project that collected evidence about everyday life, thoughts and feelings in Britain, including wartime diaries, responses to questions and observational reports.

Producing large quantities of standardised goods using machinery and repeated manufacturing processes.

The manufacture of very large quantities of standardised products, usually using automated production lines.

A musical arrangement of texts used in the Mass, allowing its prayers and responses to be sung.

An analytical technique that produces a spectrum by detecting ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio.

A chart showing the mass-to-charge ratios of detected ions and their relative abundances.

The mass of an ion divided by the size of its charge; written as m/z.

Tourism involving large numbers of holidaymakers, supported by transport, accommodation and attractions serving a broad market.

Public transport designed to move large numbers of passengers, such as metro trains, suburban railways or high-capacity bus services.

A situation in which large numbers of people who are willing and able to work cannot find jobs.

An organised programme offering vaccination to large numbers of people to protect individuals and reduce the spread of disease.

The Roman officer who served as a dictator’s deputy.

The Roman dictator’s subordinate deputy, who could take command in the dictator’s absence.

A status that becomes the dominant feature through which others see a person, overshadowing their other roles and qualities.

A weaver who ran a business, secured customers and employed other workers.

The people who controlled silk production and employed or organised other weavers.

The publication’s title displayed on a magazine cover or newspaper page.

A pool used to keep timber for ships’ masts wet, preventing it from drying out and cracking before use.

Pairs of participants with similar relevant characteristics, with one participant in each experimental group.

An experimental design in which participants are paired on relevant characteristics, with one member of each pair in each condition.

An experimental design in which participants are paired on relevant characteristics, with one member of each pair completing each condition.

Deliberately arranging or manipulating a sporting result rather than allowing it to be decided by fair competition.

A firearm mechanism that uses a burning cord to ignite the gunpowder needed to fire the weapon.

A continuity technique in which an action begun in one shot continues across a cut into another.

The expense of buying the material needed to make a product.

Surviving physical evidence of a society, including buildings, objects and archaeological remains.

The repeated movement and reuse of substances between living organisms and the non-living environment.

The movement and reuse of materials between the living and non-living parts of an ecosystem.

A lack of financial and material resources, such as adequate housing or money for study materials.