Key terms & definitions

An address used to identify a device on an IP network so that packets can be directed towards it.

The Independent Press Standards Organisation, a regulator that handles complaints and upholds standards for the press publications it covers.

The Independent Press Standards Organisation: an industry-funded regulator that handles complaints about participating newspapers and magazines under the Editors’ Code of Practice.

Internet Protocol version 4, which uses 32-bit addresses normally written as four denary numbers separated by full stops.

Internet Protocol version 6, which uses 128-bit addresses. A full address is written as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons.

Intelligence quotient: a standardised score comparing a person's performance on an intelligence test with that of other people their age. Modern tests set the average at 100.

The call announcing that prayer is about to begin, which some families recite into a newborn’s left ear.

A test designed to assess cognitive abilities, such as reasoning and memory, and convert performance into scores.

The overthrow of Iran’s monarchy in 1979 and establishment of an Islamic government led by Ayatollah Khomeini.

A Jewish armed organisation opposed to continued British rule in Palestine. It carried out the King David Hotel bombing on 22 July 1946.

A shimmering appearance in which colours seem to change with the light or viewing angle.

The coloured ring of muscle that changes pupil size to control how much light enters the eye.

A person who believed Ireland was a distinct nation and should govern itself. Nationalists differed over whether to seek Home Rule or full independence.

People who want a united Ireland. Many pursued this aim through peaceful constitutional politics rather than violence.

An armed organisation seeking to end British rule in Northern Ireland and achieve a united Ireland; its campaigns included attacks on military and civilian targets.

A mineral needed to make haemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells.

A warship protected by iron armour. In the novel, the Thunder Child is an ironclad torpedo ram which charges the Martian fighting-machines.

A warship protected by iron armour and designed to attack by driving its reinforced bow into an enemy vessel.

A material within a transformer that becomes magnetised and links the changing magnetic field from the primary coil to the secondary coil.

A piece of iron placed inside a coil that becomes magnetised and strengthens the coil’s magnetic field.

The political and ideological division between Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe and the Western countries during the Cold War.

A condition in which insufficient iron limits the production of healthy, oxygen-carrying red blood cells.

Hardware used to assemble or operate a product, traditionally made from metal, including screws, hinges and catches.

A naturally occurring material from which iron can be extracted, commonly containing iron oxides.

A contrast between an apparent meaning or claim and what the surrounding text reveals.

A contrast between an expectation or belief and the reality revealed by a text.

A contrast between what is said or expected and what is actually meant or happens.

The process of exposing an object to nuclear radiation from an external source; the irradiated object does not become radioactive.

The process of exposing an object to nuclear radiation. The irradiated object does not become radioactive.

A rigid, unrealistic or extreme interpretation that is not adequately supported by evidence.