Key terms & definitions

The surviving objects, buildings and physical remains used to investigate past societies.

The study of the past through physical remains, such as buildings, objects and human waste.

A high-ranking angel with a particularly important role.

A senior bishop with authority over other bishops; Canterbury and York were England’s two archbishoprics.

England's senior archbishop, whose position carried both religious authority and political influence.

A Church official below a bishop who supervised parish priests and helped enforce discipline within a diocese.

A soldier who uses a bow to shoot arrows at an enemy.

A recurring character role or pattern, such as the hero pursuing a goal, recognised across different stories.

The opening phase of the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta and their allies, which began in 431 BC.

The upward force on an object in a fluid equals the weight of the fluid it displaces.

A drawing showing the intended arrangement or design of a building, often viewed from above and drawn to a stated scale.

Pre-existing recorded material, such as historical news reports, incorporated into a later film.

One of nine senior Athenian magistrates with civic, religious or judicial responsibilities.

Athenian magistrates whose responsibilities included judicial administration and religious duties; the singular is archon.

A Sikh prayer through which worshippers may give thanks and seek God’s blessings.

The size of a surface or region, measured in square units such as m² or km².

The amount of two-dimensional space covered by a shape, measured in square units such as cm².

The amount of surface enclosed by a 2D shape, measured in square units.

The size of a two-dimensional surface, measured in square units such as mm² or m².

The area enclosed by a circle, calculated using $A=\pi r^2$.

An area of countryside designated for conservation because of its natural beauty.

The multiplier that changes corresponding areas, including surface areas, from one similar figure to another.

The region between a graph and the horizontal axis over a stated interval. Its units are the vertical-axis units multiplied by the horizontal-axis units.

The central performance and fighting area of an amphitheatre. Its name comes from the Latin word for sand, which helped absorb blood and made cleaning easier.

An Athenian council of former archons whose political authority was reduced by democratic reforms.

An Athenian court before which Agnodice is tried in the story preserved in Hyginus’s Fabulae.

A large merchant ship carrying goods for trade.

A connected line of reasoning that uses evidence to support an answer or judgement about a question.

A reasoned case in which evidence is connected to a claim to support a conclusion.

A reasoned case in which evidence and ideas are used to support a conclusion.