Key terms & definitions

A private accusation of a serious crime brought against another person; in medieval law, this did not mean a modern request to reconsider a court decision.

The visible physical characteristics of an object or structure, including its material, shape, size and decoration.

The difference between how someone or something seems and what they actually are.

A policy of making concessions to an aggressive power in the hope of avoiding war.

Writing additional data at the end of a file without erasing its existing contents.

A file-opening mode that preserves existing contents and adds new data at the end of the file.

An employer-designed document containing standard questions that applicants complete when applying for a job.

The layer of the TCP/IP model that controls how data moves into and out of network applications, such as web browsers and email clients, through the transport layer.

The use of scientific knowledge or methods for a practical purpose.

A practical use of scientific knowledge to achieve a particular purpose.

A standardised interface through which an application requests services and resources from other software, such as the operating system.

Software designed to help a user perform a specific task, such as writing a document or editing a photograph.

Attaching cut fabric shapes to a base fabric to form a design.

An increase in the value of a currency relative to another currency.

A trainee who learnt a skilled trade by working under a master craftsman.

A person learning a trade by working for an experienced employer. The young Scrooge is Fezziwig’s apprentice.

Training in which a young person learns a trade by working with an experienced craftsperson.

Training in a trade under an experienced master. Pip becomes Joe’s apprentice and learns blacksmithing.

A structured programme combining paid employment with workplace learning and formal training for a particular occupation.

A paid training arrangement combining practical learning with an employer and study towards a qualification.

The overall way an investigation is organised and carried out, including how research informs decisions about action.

Aid designed to match local needs, skills and resources so that people can use and maintain it.

Technology suited to local needs, resources and skills, which people can afford, use and maintain.

Taking or controlling the benefits of another person's work. Delphy and Leonard argue that men appropriate women's labour within the family.

The symbol $\approx$, meaning “is approximately equal to”. It is used when two values are close but not necessarily identical.

A solution estimated from a graph or rounded decimal calculation rather than given exactly.

A value used in place of another value because it is sufficiently close for the purpose.

Lenin's programme announced in April 1917, calling for opposition to the Provisional Government, an end to the war and the transfer of power to the soviets.

An animal sacrifice offered to mark a child’s birth, with meat shared with others.

Intellect or reason; an important method of legal reasoning in the Ja’fari school of Shi’a Islam.