Key terms & definitions

A global network of interconnected computer networks.

The principal high-speed connections that carry data between networks across the internet.

The layer of the TCP/IP model responsible for addressing data and routing packets across networks.

The connection of everyday physical products to the internet, allowing them to exchange data and often be monitored or controlled remotely.

A company that provides a connection to the internet.

A company that provides access to the internet, rather than necessarily creating or hosting the content people access.

The percentage of a population who have used the internet from any location or device in the last three months, used as an indicator of digital participation.

Confinement by the government without an ordinary criminal trial, often used during wartime against people considered a security threat.

The extent to which two or more observers independently agree when recording the same behaviour.

The ability of different hardware and software systems to exchange data and work together.

The difference between two specified percentiles, calculated as the higher percentile value minus the lower percentile value.

The stage of the cell cycle when a cell grows and copies its DNA before division.

The part of the cell cycle in which a cell grows, copies its DNA and grows further in preparation for division.

Estimating a value within the range of the available data.

Estimating a value within the range covered by measured data, using the trend shown by a graph.

An estimate made between known data values, within the measured range.

An estimate read from a graph within the range of measured values.

Estimating a value between known data values, for example by reading between points along a suitable line on a graph.

Estimating a value within the range of observed data.

Estimating an unknown value within the range of the observed data.

Estimating a value between known data points.

To explain the meaning of evidence, rather than only describing what is present.

To explain what data show by identifying patterns, relationships, differences or unusual results.

A historical explanation or judgement developed by selecting and analysing evidence.

Explaining what evidence means, using relevant geographical knowledge.

A reasoned explanation of what a text means, supported by its language, events or other details.

An understanding or reading of a text’s meaning that can be tested against its details.

An explanation of what evidence means, developed from observations and relevant contextual knowledge.

The process of establishing the meaning of a text, including consideration of its language, purpose and historical setting.

Explaining what statistical diagrams and calculations mean in the context of an investigation.