Key terms & definitions

A communist who opposed reforms that weakened Communist Party control and wanted to preserve the existing Soviet system.

The resistance of a material to scratching, cutting or permanent indentation.

Resistance to being scratched, indented or permanently deformed.

Resistance to scratching, cutting or indentation.

News about matters of public importance, such as government policy, elections and economic decisions.

Influence exercised through military force or coercive economic pressure.

The physical and electronic components of a computer system.

Timber obtained from broadleaved trees, many of which are deciduous. The category does not mean that the wood is physically hard.

The historical Sikh gurdwara in Amritsar, Punjab, India, also known as Harmandir Sahib or the Golden Temple.

A flourishing of African-American literature, music and art associated with Harlem in New York during the 1920s and 1930s.

A flourishing of Black literature, music and art centred on Harlem, New York, particularly during the 1920s. Langston Hughes was a leading figure.

A historical term for a prostitute or sex worker.

A historically significant Sikh gurdwara in Amritsar, Punjab, India, also known as the Golden Temple.

A pattern of substance use that causes actual damage to physical or mental health.

Physical, psychological or social damage caused by research, such as injury, distress or damage to relationships.

A mythological creature combining a woman’s form with a bird’s body or wings. Ariel adopts this threatening shape to confront Prospero’s enemies.

A campaign of deliberate destruction carried out by an army to punish opposition and deprive people of the resources needed to resist.

The deliberate devastation of northern England by William’s forces in 1069–1070, involving the destruction of settlements, food supplies and livestock to crush resistance.

A religious specialist who examined the entrails of sacrificed animals to interpret divine signs.

The Carthaginian commander associated with the defence of Africa whose death during unrest at Carthage is described by Appian; he was not Hannibal’s brother, Hasdrubal Barca.

Acting too quickly, without allowing enough time for thought or preparation.

Intense hostility towards a person or group.

An offence motivated by hostility or prejudice towards a person’s race, religion, disability, sexual orientation or transgender identity.

A crime motivated by hostility or prejudice towards a person because of their identity, such as their race, religion, disability or sexuality.

A criminal offence motivated by hostility or prejudice towards an aspect of someone's identity, such as their religion.

Intense dislike or anger towards others, including wishing them harm.

Ego or self-centredness: putting ‘I’ and personal desires at the centre of life, creating a barrier to awareness of God.

A fire ritual in which offerings such as grains and ghee are placed into a sacred fire while mantras are chanted.

The ceremony marking the end of Shabbat and its separation from the ordinary working week.

Hunting prey using a trained bird of prey, such as a hawk or falcon.