Key terms & definitions

The process in which starch granules absorb liquid and swell when heated, releasing starch into the surrounding liquid and thickening it.

The setting of a mixture as it cools or is chilled; for example, a cooked starch-based custard becoming a gel.

The outer resin layer of a GRP product, used to provide a smooth surface and often containing pigment.

A tax assessed on land, used by Anglo-Saxon kings and continued under Norman rule.

The rabbinic discussions and commentary on the Mishnah that, together with it, form the Talmud.

Acts of loving kindness, such as visiting the sick or helping someone through practical service.

Acts of loving kindness performed for others without expecting anything in return.

The roles, behaviours and expectations associated with being male or female; a literary text may reinforce or question these expectations.

Socially constructed differences between men and women, including ideas about masculinity and femininity, rather than differences based on biological sex.

Social and cultural identities and expectations associated with being a woman, a man or another gender.

The study of differences in crime rates and explanations of offending between genders.

An imbalance in research that favours or places greater emphasis on one gender, potentially producing incomplete or misleading conclusions.

An expectation about how someone should behave because they are male or female.

Carlen’s term for the promise that women will receive psychological and material rewards from a male breadwinner in return for love and domestic labour.

Unfair treatment of someone because of their gender.

The association of school subjects with particular genders, such as treating physics as masculine or languages as feminine.

Equal rights and opportunities for people of different genders, including access to education and employment.

Equal rights, opportunities and value for people regardless of gender.

The view that gender differences and associated behaviours are inherent and fixed, rather than socially created.

A difference in educational results between gender groups, usually measured by comparing boys’ and girls’ average attainment.

A person's sense of their gender, which may be male, female or another gender identity.

Unequal treatment, opportunities or power associated with gender.

Social expectations about the behaviour and responsibilities considered appropriate for men and women.

Equal participation of girls and boys in education. Equal enrolment alone does not guarantee equal treatment or learning opportunities.

A difference between men's and women's pay.

An unfair judgement about someone based on their gender rather than the facts about that individual.

The expectations a society attaches to being a man or a woman, including how people should behave and what authority they should have.

An expectation about the responsibilities or behaviour of men and women in a family, religious community or wider society.

Behaviour and responsibilities that society expects of someone because of their gender.

Socially constructed expectations about people's roles, behaviour and identities in relation to gender.