Key terms & definitions

One of the perpendicular vectors used to represent a force in a chosen direction, usually horizontally or vertically.

The compulsory grouping of individual farms into large farms under state control, carried out under Stalin with devastating consequences for many peasants.

A change of religion imposed through threats or pressure rather than freely chosen.

Work imposed on people against their will, under threat of punishment.

Money which people were compelled to lend to the Crown, rather than lending voluntarily.

A marriage imposed without the free consent of one or both people marrying.

A marriage imposed on someone without their free consent.

A marriage in which one or both people do not freely consent.

Movement in which people are compelled to leave, for example because of persecution, war or expulsion.

The compulsory removal of people from their homes by the state, including the relocation of African communities to Bantustans under apartheid.

A medical procedure imposed without consent to prevent someone from having children.

A condition in which the vector sum of the forces is zero, so there is no resultant force and no acceleration.

A graph of applied force against the resulting extension; the area beneath it represents the work done in stretching.

A device that produces a larger output force than the force applied to it.

A pulling force between particles that helps keep them close together.

A pulling interaction that tends to keep particles close together.

An interaction that draws particles towards one another and helps hold a substance together.

The two forces arising from an interaction: each object exerts a force on the other object.

Attractive interactions that act between the particles of a substance.

Attractions that tend to hold the particles of a substance together.

An estimate of a future outcome, such as sales revenue, costs or profit.

The seizure of property by a lender when its owner cannot repay the loan secured against it.

A ruler’s aims beyond their own country, such as gaining territory, controlling trade or increasing international influence.

Money invested by people or businesses from other countries to finance economic activity.

Cross-border investment that gives an investor a lasting interest and control or significant influence in a business operating in another country.

Money in foreign currencies earned through activities such as exports or spending by international tourists.

Military involvement by other countries in a country's conflict.

A field that refers to a primary key in another table, linking records between the tables.

A ruler’s or government’s approach to relations with other countries, including diplomacy, alliances and war.

A government's approach to relations with other countries, including diplomacy, trade and security.