Key terms & definitions

A cell whose genetic material is enclosed within a nucleus; animal and plant cells are eukaryotic.

A cell whose genetic material is enclosed within a nucleus. Plant and animal cells are eukaryotic cells.

A speech praising someone who has died, usually emphasising their virtues and achievements.

A speech honouring and remembering someone who has died.

An indirect or softened expression used in place of something disturbing or unpleasant.

A pleasing combination of sounds in language.

An overflow vessel with a spout used to collect liquid displaced by an immersed object.

Centred on European cultures or experiences, often at the expense of other perspectives.

A perspective that places Europe and European experiences at the centre, potentially marginalising other peoples’ histories.

An international agreement protecting human rights in countries belonging to the Council of Europe, including the UK.

The court which hears complaints that states have breached the European Convention on Human Rights, normally after effective domestic remedies have been exhausted.

A European organisation established in 1957 to promote economic cooperation, particularly by reducing barriers to trade between its members.

A political and economic partnership of 27 European countries which cooperate through shared institutions, laws and policies.

An economic and political union of European countries. The UK was a member but left in 2020.

Deliberately ending a person’s life to relieve suffering; sometimes called mercy killing.

The examination of an Athenian official’s conduct at the end of a term of office, alongside financial accounting.

Nutrient enrichment of water that encourages excessive algal growth and can lead to oxygen depletion.

The enrichment of water by mineral ions, often from fertiliser, which can cause an algal bloom and a fall in dissolved oxygen.

Nutrient enrichment of water that can lead to excessive algal growth and a fall in dissolved oxygen.

Nutrient enrichment of water that causes excessive algal growth, followed by death and decomposition of plants and a decrease in dissolved oxygen.

The organised movement of people away from places threatened by danger. During the Second World War, many British children were moved from cities to safer areas.

Moving people out of an area of danger to a safer place.

To make a supported judgement about something’s strengths, limitations and usefulness for a particular purpose.

To consider relevant advantages, disadvantages and uncertainties before reaching a judgement supported by evidence.

Finding the numerical value of an expression after values have been substituted.

Weighing evidence, strengths and limitations to reach a reasoned judgement.

A judgement that weighs advantages and disadvantages against the needs of a particular use.

An assessment of a method’s strengths and limitations, their effects on the evidence, and how the method could be improved.

A judgement about whether a result is reasonable and appropriate, based on its size, sign, units and context.

A judgement based on weighing evidence, considering its significance and explaining why one interpretation is persuasive.