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GCSE Geography · key term
A cone-bearing tree, such as pine, spruce or fir, usually with needle-shaped leaves.
Used by Edexcel
Specification 3.1 · Paper 1
Revise: Characteristics and Climate of Major EcosystemsEvergreen conifers such as pine, spruce and fir dominate. Their narrow needles limit water loss, while retaining foliage lets them begin photosynthesis when suitable conditions return without first growing a whole new set of leaves. Thick bark provides protection from cold.
Paper 3
A cone-bearing tree, usually with needle-like leaves, such as pine, spruce or fir.
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These conditions favour conifers such as pine, spruce and fir. Compared with tropical rainforests, the taiga has a simple vegetation structure: a dominant tree layer, little understorey vegetation, and ground cover that includes mosses and lichens. It does not have the many distinct vegetation layers found in a tropical rainforest.