Eduqas GCSE Geography A key terms

An urban area that is warmer than its surrounding countryside.

The process in which an increasing proportion of a population lives in towns and cities.

An increase in the number of people living in an urban area.

Investment and improvements intended to tackle decline in an urban area through changes to its economy, environment and social conditions.

The gradual transition from densely built-up urban areas through suburbs and the rural–urban fringe to countryside.

The spread of built-up areas into the surrounding countryside.

A route across an urban area along which observations are collected to investigate changes between locations.

The extent to which an investigation measures what it is intended to measure and helps answer its enquiry question.

Downward erosion that deepens a river channel and valley.

A personal or organisational interest in an outcome because it could bring a benefit or prevent a loss.

A fluid’s resistance to flowing. High-viscosity magma is sticky and flows less easily than low-viscosity magma.

The effects of visitors on a place’s landscape, resources, services and communities.

An area of volcanic activity fed by unusually hot mantle material rising beneath a plate, which can occur away from a plate boundary.

An opening through which volcanic material reaches the surface.

Aid funded through public donations to charities, including fundraising events and charity shops.

A narrow valley with steep sides, formed through river downcutting combined with weathering and movement of material down its slopes.

The degree to which people, property or environments are susceptible to harm.

The removal of water from a river, lake or underground store for human use.

The amount of water required by people, farming and industry.

A drop in a river's course where water falls from a higher level to a lower level.

The total freshwater used directly by a person, community or business and indirectly to produce the goods and services they consume.

Reliable access to enough safe, affordable water to meet people's needs and support livelihoods.

The boundary separating neighbouring river catchments, usually following higher ground.

The upper surface of the groundwater store.

A system that moves water from an area of surplus to an area of deficit, usually through canals and pipelines.

Freshwater taken from rivers, lakes or underground stores for use. Some may return to the environment after use.

An indentation eroded into the base of a cliff by wave action.