Edexcel GCSE Geography B key terms

Estimated quantities of oil that can be recovered using existing technology under current economic conditions.

The quantity of oil available for sale over a given period.

The Office for National Statistics, which publishes official statistics, including census results for England and Wales.

A question that allows a respondent to answer in their own words rather than selecting from fixed answers.

An area where a particular rock unit occurs at the surface.

A small statistical geographical area used to publish census results. Output areas can be combined to produce statistics for a larger area.

Hiring an external organisation to carry out tasks or services rather than doing them within the business. Overseas outsourcing uses a provider in another country.

Using a natural resource faster than it can recover, causing long-term damage or depletion.

Water flowing across the ground surface towards a river, also called surface runoff.

A situation in which the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded at the current price.

Water flowing over the top of a river bank or flood defence because the water level has risen above it.

A curved lake formed when a meander is cut off from the main river channel.

The belt around the Pacific Ocean where many active volcanoes and earthquakes are concentrated.

Farming that involves keeping livestock, such as sheep and cattle.

The highest river discharge during a particular event.

The change in a value expressed relative to its starting value: $\text{percentage change}=\frac{\text{final value}-\text{starting value}}{\text{starting value}}\times100$.

The less-developed economies that depend on the core for markets and sell it relatively low-value raw materials in Frank’s dependency theory.

A less economically developed region with relatively limited investment, employment opportunities or access to services compared with the core.

Permanently frozen ground. Thawing can make the ground unstable and damage buildings or infrastructure.

The ability of a material, such as rock or soil, to allow water to pass through it.

A measure of how acidic or alkaline a substance, such as soil, is.

A feature of the natural environment, such as a river, hill or valley.

A natural event or process with the potential to harm people, property or the environment.

Rules through which local government controls where development can take place and what form it can take.

An area of deliberately planted trees, often managed for timber production.

The zone where two tectonic plates meet and move relative to one another.

Glacial erosion in which moving ice pulls away pieces of rock frozen to its base.