History key terms

Money, food or other assistance given to people in need.

A charitable institution providing accommodation and support for poor people, particularly those unable to support themselves.

Government organisations associated with the New Deal and commonly known by their initials, such as the CCC and TVA.

The militant Islamist organisation led by Osama bin Laden that carried out the attacks of 11 September 2001.

Treatments used instead of mainstream medical care; when used alongside mainstream care, they are often called complementary treatments.

A surprise attack launched from a concealed position against an approaching enemy.

A belief that anyone can achieve success and a better life through hard work and opportunity. In post-war America, it was often associated with a secure job, home ownership and material comfort.

A financial demand made in 1525 without parliamentary approval to fund Henry VIII’s planned invasion of France. Resistance forced its abandonment.

The god honoured at the oracle at Siwa in Egypt, identified by Greeks with Zeus.

Protection from punishment granted to a person or group.

A military operation in which troops land from the sea to attack positions on land.

A military operation in which forces approach by water and land to fight on shore.

An open performance space surrounded by rising levels of seating or galleries.

A two-handled vessel used for storage. Panathenaic prize amphorae held olive oil awarded to victors and carried images of competitive events.

The removal of a limb or another part of the body.

Arrian’s Greek account of Alexander’s expedition, written centuries after it and also known in English as The Campaigns of Alexander.

A feature belonging to a later period that is placed in an earlier setting, such as a later political practice attributed to Rome’s earliest kings.

A substance that prevents a patient from feeling pain during a medical procedure. General anaesthetics make the patient unconscious.

A political belief which rejects the authority of the state. It is distinct from communism.

A supporter of abolishing the state and its authority. Anarchism was distinct from communism, although both were feared during the Red Scare.

A breakdown of effective authority and order.

The study of the structure of the body.

The African National Congress, an organisation campaigning against apartheid and for political rights in South Africa.

Practices honouring deceased family members, including offerings and tending graves, often based on belief in a continuing relationship between the living and the dead.

A place where ships can anchor, often sheltered from rough seas.

A corrugated-steel air-raid shelter installed partly underground and covered with earth, usually in a garden.

A short story about a particular incident or person, often used to illustrate character; its memorable quality does not establish its historical accuracy.

An abnormal widening or bulge in an artery, a blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart.

The collection of territories ruled by Henry II and his successors, including England and extensive lands in France. Its name comes from Anjou, a French region associated with Henry’s family.

The territories ruled by Henry II and his successors, including England, Normandy and extensive lands elsewhere in France.