Geography key terms

Growing plants without soil, with their roots supplied with a water solution containing mineral nutrients.

A testable prediction or statement that an investigation can support or challenge using evidence.

A cylinder of ice drilled from an ice sheet, containing a sequence of ice layers and trapped ancient air.

Information and communication technology: systems used to store, process and exchange information, including computers and mobile networks.

Rock formed when molten rock cools and solidifies, either beneath the Earth's surface or after eruption.

An inter-governmental organisation: an organisation formed by member governments to work on shared aims. The World Bank and IMF are examples.

The Index of Multiple Deprivation: a measure combining several dimensions of disadvantage to compare small areas. An area's result does not describe every individual living there.

Action taken during the emergency and in the days or weeks afterwards to save lives and meet basic needs.

Movement into a country. UK long-term immigration statistics count people moving to the UK for at least 12 months.

Rock or another material that does not allow water to pass through it easily.

Goods and services bought from other countries.

Difficulty reaching a place because of distance, physical barriers or limited transport connections.

The way total income is shared between people or households.

The official measure of relative deprivation for small areas in England, combining seven weighted domains.

People with long-standing ancestral connections to a place, whose cultures and livelihoods developed there before later settlement by outsiders.

A change produced through an intervening process or consequence, such as groynes reducing sediment supply to beaches farther along the coast.

The development of manufacturing industry within an economy.

Land used for activities such as manufacturing, processing and storing goods.

The balance of economic activity between sectors, measured through their contributions to employment or output.

Water used in industrial activities, including manufacturing goods, cooling machinery and generating energy.

Unequal access to resources and opportunities, or differences in outcomes, between people or places.

The number of babies who die before their first birthday per 1,000 live births.

A conclusion drawn from evidence rather than something directly stated or shown.

The movement of water from the ground surface into the soil.

Work that is not formally registered or regulated, often without an employment contract or access to employment benefits.

Work that is not fully registered or regulated by the authorities, often without formal contracts or employment protections.

Work outside formal employment and regulatory systems, often without secure contracts or employment protections.