Key terms & definitions

A participant's right to stop taking part in research without penalty or pressure to continue.

A political outlook generally favouring private enterprise, lower taxation, less government intervention and traditional values.

Resistance to bending or changing shape.

A transformation that changes the position or orientation of a shape without changing its size or shape.

An ancient Hindu collection of sacred hymns; Rig Veda 10.87.16–19 appeals for protection against destructive beings and is interpreted in relation to cow protection.

The creation hymn in the Rig Veda, also called the Nasadiya Sukta, which explores the beginnings of existence and the limits of knowledge about creation.

The tough outer skin layer on some cuts of meat, particularly pork.

A symbol representing a promise or relationship. The rings in The Merchant of Venice connect material objects with love, memory and fidelity.

A fortification enclosed by a roughly circular bank and ditch, with a palisade on the bank.

The changes through which a fruit becomes ready for its seeds to be dispersed, often including changes in colour, texture and smell.

A shallow tray of water used to produce and observe water waves.

A shallow, transparent-bottomed tank used to produce and observe water waves.

Prophethood: Allah’s appointment of people to receive and communicate his guidance to humanity.

The signed change in the $y$-coordinate between two points, calculated as $y_2-y_1$.

An image of Jesus alive and glorified after his resurrection, emphasising his victory over sin and death.

The upward section of the discharge line as river discharge increases.

The likelihood of harm occurring and the seriousness of its possible consequences.

A possible harmful consequence of an action or decision, considered alongside the chance that it will occur.

The chance that harm will occur, considered alongside how severe that harm would be.

The chance that a hazard will cause harm, considered together with how serious that harm could be.

The chance that harm will occur, rather than a guarantee that it will occur.

The possibility that a business decision or event will lead to an unfavourable outcome, such as financial loss. Its likelihood or potential consequences can sometimes be estimated.

The likelihood of harm occurring and how serious that harm could be.

The likelihood that a hazard will cause harm and the seriousness of that harm.

The possibility that something will go wrong, causing harm, loss or failure to achieve an intended outcome.

A check made before an activity to identify hazards, consider the risks and select suitable control measures.

A systematic process of identifying hazards, judging their risks and selecting measures that reduce those risks.

The process of identifying hazards, considering the associated risks and selecting measures to reduce them.

An examination of a procedure to identify hazards, evaluate the risks and choose precautions to reduce harm.

The process of identifying hazards, considering who could be harmed and deciding what precautions are needed to reduce risk.