Key terms & definitions

A fundamental change in who holds power and how a society is organised, often involving the overthrow of an existing government.

A body containing representatives of the Party, workers and army that took over the running of institutions such as factories during the Cultural Revolution.

A benefit that an entrepreneur may gain from starting or running a business.

Benefits attached to a social position, such as pay, prestige and privileges, which can encourage people to seek and perform that role.

The Latin word for ‘king’, found in early evidence relevant to Roman kingship.

The Roman priestly office established to perform religious duties previously carried out by the king; its name means ‘king of sacred rites’.

A unitless ratio equal to the distance moved by a substance divided by the distance moved by the solvent.

The ratio of the distance travelled by a substance to the distance travelled by the solvent, both measured from the baseline: $R_f = \frac{\text{distance moved by substance}}{\text{distance moved by solvent}}$. It has no unit.

A performer who recites epic poetry; later Greek rhapsodes performed Homeric verse.

A teacher in ancient Rome who trained pupils in persuasive public speaking and argument.

The use of language and presentation to persuade or impress an audience; in ancient histories, this could include carefully constructed speeches and dramatic contrasts.

Language designed to persuade an audience, using methods such as repetition, questions, emotional appeals and contrasts.

The art of using language effectively to persuade an audience, especially through speeches and arguments.

A deliberate language or structural choice used to influence an audience, emphasise an idea or make an argument memorable.

A question asked for persuasive or expressive effect rather than to obtain an answer.

A question asked for effect rather than to obtain an answer from the audience.

A quadrilateral with four equal sides.

A fibre containing an antibacterial agent that inhibits bacterial growth; it also has fire-retardant properties.

Right angle–Hypotenuse–Side: two right-angled triangles are congruent if their hypotenuses and one other pair of corresponding sides are equal.

The right angle–hypotenuse–side test for congruence: two right-angled triangles are congruent if their hypotenuses and one corresponding pair of other sides are equal.

The pattern of end rhymes in a poem, represented by letters. Each stanza of Envy follows AABCCB.

A pair of consecutive lines whose end words rhyme.

The beat and flow of writing, created through patterns of words, sentence structures and punctuation.

A vessel used for pouring libations and ceremonial drinking, often conical or shaped like an animal’s head.

The financial and commercial heart of Venice, where merchants conducted business and exchanged news.

One of the curved bones forming the rib cage in the chest.

A raised ridge in a textile structure; knitted rib fabric can provide extra thickness and support.

An Islamic term commonly understood to include interest on loans, which Islam prohibits.

Narrow reinforcing strips or webs incorporated into a structure, often inside a thin-walled case, to support its walls and resist bending.

A long, narrow lake occupying a basin deepened by glacial erosion.