Key terms & definitions

Wire fitted with sharp points, used to make fences that contain livestock and protect land.

A practitioner who performed operations and other practical treatments, usually learning through apprenticeship rather than university study.

A fortified enclosure protecting the approach to a castle entrance.

A graph that uses the heights or lengths of separate bars to compare values for categories or distinct time periods.

A chart for separate categories, drawn with gaps between its bars.

A graph with separate bars used to compare categories or distinct values.

A chart in which separate, equal-width bars represent categories and each bar's height shows its frequency.

A chart in which equal-width, separated bars represent categories or discrete values; each bar’s height represents its frequency or another stated quantity.

A graph that compares categories using separate bars whose heights represent numerical values.

A chart using separate bars to compare categories or discrete values; bar height or length represents frequency.

A chart with separated bars representing distinct categories or discrete values. Each bar’s height shows the quantity labelled on the vertical axis.

Hamilcar Barca’s family and its associated supporters, including his son Hannibal and his son-in-law Hasdrubal the Fair.

A poet-singer who performs stories for an audience, often with musical accompaniment.

In Tibetan Buddhism, an intermediate state between death and the next rebirth.

Rural community health workers in China who received short medical training and provided basic treatment and preventive care while continuing agricultural work.

A boxing contest in which fighters strike with their fists without wearing boxing gloves.

The ability to negotiate better terms, such as higher pay, because the other side needs what you can provide.

A graph showing how stock levels change over time as stock is used or sold and deliveries arrive.

A graph using separate bars to compare values for different categories or discrete observations.

An insoluble white compound, $\mathrm{BaSO_4}$, formed when barium ions react with sulfate ions in solution.

Layers of dead cells around a stem that protect the living tissues underneath; on trees, this forms bark.

A fungal disease of barley caused by Erysiphe graminis, now called Blumeria graminis, which produces white or grey powdery growth on leaves.

A graph showing the frequency of each discrete numerical value using a separate vertical line.

‘Son of the commandments’: the status of a Jewish boy who becomes responsible for observing Jewish religious law at 13, also used for the ceremony celebrating this.

A powerful noble who held extensive lands and could influence the king’s government.

Power exercised by great nobles, based on resources such as land, wealth, followers and castles.

A rebellion by powerful nobles against a monarch’s authority or policies.

A protective layer that keeps substances in the environment from reaching the material beneath it.

A surface layer that separates a material from substances that would cause corrosion, such as water and oxygen.

A method such as a condom that creates a physical barrier, reducing the exchange of bodily fluids during sexual contact.