Key terms & definitions

Poor nutrition caused by a deficiency, excess or imbalance of energy or nutrients.

Poor nutrition resulting from an insufficient, excessive or unbalanced intake of nutrients.

Poor nutrition caused by an insufficient, excessive or unbalanced intake of energy or nutrients.

The view associated with Thomas Robert Malthus that population could grow faster than food supplies, causing hardship unless its growth was restrained. His concern that guaranteed support could encourage population growth helped underpin opposition to poor relief.

A theory that population can grow geometrically while food production grows arithmetically, eventually causing population demand to exceed food supply.

The belief, associated with Thomas Malthus, that population growth could outstrip the food supply.

Software deliberately designed to damage or disrupt computer systems, steal information or carry out other harmful actions.

A recognisable pattern of code or data used by anti-malware software to identify known malware.

Mental service: using the mind, knowledge or emotional support to help others, and directing the mind towards God while serving.

A metal restraint used to bind a person’s hands. Blake uses manacles metaphorically for psychological imprisonment.

Allowing selected areas to flood so that they store water away from more vulnerable places.

Deliberately allowing the sea to flood selected coastal land, often by moving defences inland, to create space for water and habitats such as saltmarsh.

Allowing the coastline to move inland in a planned way, often by removing or abandoning existing defences; also called coastal realignment.

A person responsible for organising business activities and directing employees to achieve business objectives.

An intricate circular pattern used in Buddhist practice that may represent Buddhist teachings, the universe or a Pure Land.

A territory administered by another country on behalf of the League of Nations; Germany’s former colonies became mandates.

Information that food businesses are legally required to provide on packaging or an attached label, with some requirements depending on the product.

A Hindu temple: a sacred place where deities are worshipped.

A recommended action in Islam: performing it is rewarded, but omitting it is not punished.

The spirits of the dead honoured by the Romans as deified ancestors.

A necklace placed on the bride in many Hindu wedding traditions, symbolising marriage, love and friendship.

A Buddhist discourse about the greatest blessings, including honouring worthy people, generosity, ethical conduct and listening to the Dhamma.

A stone-throwing siege engine whose throwing arm is moved by people pulling ropes.

The nine activists prosecuted following the August 1970 protest against police harassment of the Mangrove Restaurant.

An episode of abnormally elevated mood accompanied by significantly increased energy and activity.

The remembered events, images and storyline of a dream.

A nineteenth-century belief that the United States was destined, often understood as divinely intended, to expand across North America.

A document setting out a political party’s aims and proposed policies, usually published before an election.

An army unit. In Livy’s account of Tarquin’s arrangements, one Roman century and one Latin century were combined into each maniple, with a centurion commanding each half.

Influencing someone through concealed intentions, deception or pressure rather than allowing a fully informed choice.