Key terms & definitions

An approach to production that reduces waste while maintaining or improving quality.

A preferred way of processing information which, according to the learning-styles approach, should improve learning when teaching is matched to it.

The claim that learners achieve better results when teaching matches their preferred way of receiving information, such as visual, auditory or kinaesthetic presentation.

A traditional geographical label for a country with a low level of economic development, often used alongside the term low-income country.

The principle of giving a user only the permissions needed for their role.

The rightmost bit in a binary representation, occupying the position with the smallest place value. For a binary integer, its place value is 1.

The act of saying goodbye to someone or something being left behind.

A programme established by Heinrich Himmler in 1935 to support births and mothers who met Nazi racial criteria, including unmarried mothers.

The Nazi aim of acquiring ‘living space’ for Germans, particularly through expansion into eastern Europe.

A qualitative rule stating that when the conditions of a system at equilibrium are changed, the system shifts in the direction that counteracts the change.

A rule for predicting equilibrium changes: when conditions change, the equilibrium position shifts in a direction that counteracts the change.

A prediction rule: when conditions affecting an equilibrium change, the position shifts in a direction that opposes the change.

The principle that a system at equilibrium responds to a change in conditions by counteracting that change.

An emulsifier found in egg yolk, used to stabilise mayonnaise.

The stand from which scripture readings are proclaimed during worship.

A light-emitting diode: a diode that gives out light when current flows through it in the forward direction.

A light-emitting diode: an electronic component that emits light when current flows through it in the correct direction.

Broad labels used to distinguish political ideas, parties and movements; socialism and communism are associated with the left, while conservatism is associated with the right.

A political outlook generally favouring greater government action to reduce inequality, support public services and protect workers.

The lasting effects of an event on later society.

The lasting effects and uses of an event or project after its original purpose has ended.

A gift of money or property left to someone in a will.

The lasting influence of a person through others’ memories, their achievements and their effects on the world.

The lasting effects of imperial rule after colonies become independent, including migration, cultural connections and international relationships.

Public funding that helps eligible people pay for legal advice or representation.

The principle that laws should be clear and accessible so that people can understand what is lawful and predict how the law will apply.

Something that the law allows a person to do or receive, sometimes subject to conditions such as a minimum age.

A qualified legal professional who usually specialises in a particular area of law, such as wills or property.

A legal arrangement placing a person under a guardian’s authority; in the Laudatio, a disputed claim threatened the woman’s control over herself and her inherited property.

Responsibility for breaking a law, established through a legal process. Dickens distinguishes this from a person’s moral worth.