Key terms & definitions

A difference in the DNA sequence among individuals or cells.

The combination of alleles an individual has for a gene, such as Pp.

The combination of alleles an organism has; for a particular gene, this can be represented by letters such as TT or Tt.

The relative numbers of offspring predicted to have each combination of alleles.

The type of writing, such as biography, history, a private letter or poetry. Different genres shape which details an author selects and how they present them.

The type or category of a literary work, such as comedy, tragedy or romance.

A category of writing with recognisable conventions, such as a ghost story.

A category of literature whose works share features of form, subject matter or purpose, such as epic or elegy.

A category of media products recognised through shared features and conventions.

A category of film associated with recognisable conventions, such as characteristic settings, characters and story patterns.

A recognisable feature commonly associated with a particular type of media product, which helps audiences identify what to expect.

A recognisable feature associated with a category of film, such as a characteristic setting, character type or narrative pattern.

A film that combines conventions from more than one genre.

The combination of conventions from different genres within one media product.

The combination of conventions from different genres within one film.

A person who is not Jewish.

A person who is not Jewish.

Genteel social status, refined manners or the quality of being gentlemanly. Dickens questions whether outward refinement is accompanied by genuine kindness, honesty and consideration for others.

A man identified by social position, education and refined manners, or by honourable and considerate behaviour. Great Expectations explores the tension between these meanings.

Change in an area as wealthier residents and more expensive businesses move in, potentially making it harder for existing residents to afford to remain.

The upgrading of an area, often involving housing renovation and an influx of wealthier residents, which can increase property prices and rents.

Landowners below the titled nobility in social rank, many of whom held important positions in local government.

The landowning social class below the titled aristocracy; its members could have considerable wealth and local influence.

Bending one knee to the ground as a gesture of reverence towards God.

A genuine observation that is unusually large or small compared with the rest of the data.

A group of closely related species and the first part of an organism's scientific name.

A classification group containing closely related species; its name forms the first word of an organism’s binomial name.

A model in which Earth is stationary at the centre and the Sun and planets move around it.

Variation between places in their population characteristics, economies and ways of life.

An investigation that uses evidence to answer a question about places, geographical processes or issues.