Key terms & definitions

The fear of being surrounded by potentially hostile powers. Germany feared France to its west and Russia to its east.

Tourism concentrated in a largely self-contained resort, often offering accommodation, food and entertainment through an all-inclusive package.

The region bounded by the plotted line, the time axis and the relevant start and finish times.

An ABBA rhyme pattern in which the outer lines rhyme around a rhyming inner pair.

A pattern in which the first and fourth lines rhyme around a rhyming second and third line: ABBA.

The consolidation and fencing of land for private use, which could remove villagers’ customary rights to use common land.

An outer casing that houses and protects a product’s internal components.

Representing data using an agreed system of codes, such as converting text characters into binary codes.

Changing information into a form that can be stored in memory.

The process of constructing meanings in a media product through choices such as language, images, sound and editing.

A table showing which code represents each character in a character encoding.

The holder of an encomienda.

A Spanish colonial grant giving its holder rights to receive tribute and labour from an Indigenous community, with obligations to protect its people and provide Christian instruction.

The conversion of readable data into scrambled data using an algorithm and a key, so it cannot be understood without the appropriate decryption key.

Software that converts readable data into a coded form that requires the correct decryption key to make it readable again.

A formal letter from the Pope teaching the Church, often about faith, morality or social issues.

A species at serious risk of becoming extinct.

A species at risk of extinction.

The surface exposed when timber is cut across its fibres, such as the end of a board.

A gland that secretes hormones into the blood rather than through a duct.

An organ that produces and secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream.

A system of glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream to coordinate body processes.

The system of glands that releases hormones into the bloodstream to coordinate and control processes in the body.

The point at which there is no more data to read from a file.

The management of a product when it is no longer useful, which may include reuse, recycling, incineration or landfill.

The point at which a product is no longer useful, when it may be reused, recycled, treated or disposed of.

An internal biological clock that regulates a biological rhythm.

A body type characterised by a pear-shaped physique, wide hips, relatively narrow shoulders and higher fat content.

Chemicals released in the body during physical activity that can help improve mood and reduce feelings of tension.

A reaction or change that takes in heat energy from the surroundings.