Key terms & definitions

Pressing a design into paper or board so that part of its surface is raised.

The process through which working-class people are thought to become more middle class in their lifestyles, attitudes and values as their living standards rise.

The argument that increasing affluence leads working-class people to adopt middle-class lifestyles, norms and values.

Decorating fabric with stitches made by hand or machine.

An early stage in the development of a multicellular organism.

An early developing organism formed as a fertilised egg divides.

A stem cell found in an early embryo that can differentiate into most types of human cell.

A stem cell from an early embryo that can produce more stem cells and differentiate into most types of human cell.

Testing an embryo’s genetic material to find out whether particular alleles or genetic conditions are present.

Testing cells from embryos for genetic conditions, allowing the results to inform decisions about which embryos to place in the womb.

An animal-cloning method in which cells of an early embryo are separated and the resulting identical embryos are transferred into host mothers.

Electronic communication channels, such as email, websites and social media, used to share information or communicate with others.

Help provided to people affected by a disaster, including money, food, water, shelter, equipment and medical care.

Immediate, short-term assistance, such as food, water, shelter and healthcare following a disaster.

Preparing people, services, routes, shelters and supplies before a hazardous event so that they can respond effectively.

Urgent assistance, such as food, drinking water and medical treatment, provided to protect people during a crisis.

A country experiencing economic development and growing integration into the world economy, but where incomes and living conditions remain uneven.

A country outside the advanced and low-income developing groups, with a developing economy. These countries vary greatly in income and living conditions.

A country undergoing economic development and becoming more influential in the global economy.

A country experiencing economic development and increasing participation in the global economy, such as China or India.

Leaving a country to settle in another country.

Movement out of a country. UK long-term emigration statistics count people leaving the UK for at least 12 months.

Leaving one country to live in another.

Movement out of a country to live elsewhere.

A political system ruled by an emir. The Taliban described the Afghanistan it governed as an Islamic Emirate.

The release of radiation by matter.

The release of radiation by an object.

The release of electromagnetic waves, transferring energy away from their source.

The amount of greenhouse-gas emissions associated with one unit of an activity, such as kilograms of CO₂e per kilowatt-hour of electricity used.

An instrumental technique that identifies elements by analysing the wavelengths of light emitted by a hot sample.