Eduqas GCSE Sociology key terms

The socially learned expectations about behaviour, roles and identities associated with being male or female.

Carlen’s idea that women are encouraged to conform by the promise of emotional and financial rewards for fulfilling traditional roles as wives and mothers.

A difference in educational results between gender groups, usually measured by comparing boys’ and girls’ average attainment.

Unequal treatment, opportunities or power associated with gender.

A difference between men's and women's pay.

Social expectations about how people should behave according to their gender.

The process through which people learn the behaviour and expectations associated with gender.

A widely held, simplified belief about the characteristics or roles of women and men.

The extent to which findings from a study can reasonably be applied to the wider population it concerns.

Applying findings from a sample to the wider population it represents.

Movement from one geographical area to another, which can increase the distance between relatives.

An invisible barrier that prevents women from progressing to senior positions, even when they have suitable qualifications and experience.

A small, wealthy and powerful group whose business interests and influence extend across national borders.

The growing interconnectedness of countries through trade, communication, technology, migration and culture.

A state secondary school that selects pupils according to academic ability through an entrance test.

A criminal offence motivated by hostility or prejudice towards an aspect of someone's identity, such as their religion.

Parenting involving very close monitoring and intervention in children’s lives, which may limit their independence.

The assumption that heterosexuality is the normal or expected sexual orientation.

The unwritten lessons about behaviour, attitudes and values learnt through school routines and relationships rather than the subjects officially taught.

A ranking of positions in which people higher up have authority over those below them.

A difference in how behaviour is defined or judged at different points in time.

Prejudice, hostility or discrimination towards people because they are, or are believed to be, gay or lesbian. It can also affect bisexual people.

One person, or a group of people, sharing cooking facilities and a living room or dining area. Household members need not be related.

The number of people living in a household, including adults and children rather than only the children born to a woman.

A clear statement predicting what research will find, which can be tested using evidence that may support or refute it.

Presenting something as better or more perfect than it is in practice.

A simplified model that highlights the defining features of something so that real examples can be compared with it.