Discrimination

Yet possession of a vote did not automatically remove discrimination in employment or private life.

From the late 1100s, increasing antisemitism brought greater discrimination against Jewish people in England. Their earlier royal protection had not removed prejudice. This shows why migration opportunities and experiences must be considered together: permission to settle did not ensure security or acceptance.

During the 1920s, Black Americans faced racial segregation and violence, while immigrants could encounter hostility towards their nationality, religion or political beliefs. These problems involved both society and the state: governments sometimes enforced discrimination, while officials sometimes failed to protect people from it.