Citizenship Studies key terms

A broad idea that can be applied to different citizenship issues, such as democracy, equality, justice or participation.

A focused investigation using research questions and evidence to examine a citizenship issue, idea or debate.

A matter concerning people in society, such as their rights, responsibilities or participation in decisions.

An action used to influence decisions or bring about change, such as a petition, media campaign or lobbying a decision-maker.

A structured procedure followed to achieve an outcome, such as the formal procedures used in elections.

An ability used to investigate issues, consider viewpoints or participate effectively in society, such as critical thinking, communication or teamwork.

Proceedings concerning a dispute over legal rights or obligations, usually between individuals or organisations.

Deliberately breaking the law to challenge an injustice or press for change.

A person who is not a member of the armed forces.

Law concerned with resolving disputes between individuals, businesses or other organisations and protecting their rights.

A basic freedom, such as freedom of expression, peaceful assembly or association, that protects people from unjustified interference.

A legally recognised relationship that gives partners legal rights and responsibilities.

The body of government staff who support the government of the day by advising on policy, implementing decisions and delivering public services.

Organisations and groups outside government and business through which people act together, such as charities, voluntary groups and community organisations.

The person or organisation bringing a civil claim.

A party list whose candidate order is decided by the party; voters cannot choose between candidates on that party's list.

A government formed by two or more political parties that agree to govern together and share ministerial posts.

Rules setting out the standards of behaviour expected of councillors.

Working with others towards a shared goal, coordinating tasks and supporting one another.

People working together towards a shared aim, combining their voices, knowledge and resources.

Negotiation between workers’ representatives, usually a trade union, and an employer over pay, working conditions or other employment terms.

An arrangement in which countries agree that an attack on one member is a concern for all and that they will assist the attacked member.

The convention that government ministers must publicly support agreed government decisions or resign.

An authority bringing together a group of local councils to carry out agreed functions across a wider area.

Having enough support in the House of Commons to survive votes of no confidence and secure essential decisions, such as government funding.

The stage at which a bill is examined line by line and amendments are considered.

Law developed through judges’ decisions in court cases, rather than made through legislation.