Key terms & definitions

Non-volatile storage that is not directly accessible by the CPU, used to retain programs and data.

A new tumour formed in another part of the body after malignant cells have spread from the original tumour.

A tumour formed elsewhere in the body by cancer cells that have spread from the original tumour.

A lever system with the load between the fulcrum and the effort.

The renewed period of hostility between the USA and Soviet Union following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and during Reagan’s first presidential term.

Jesus’ expected return at the end of time, associated with resurrection and final judgement.

The papally supported military expedition of 1147–1149, launched after the fall of Edessa to defend the Crusader states. Its principal campaign in the eastern Mediterranean failed.

The derivative of the gradient function, written $\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}$. It measures the rate at which the gradient changes with respect to .

A method for classifying a stationary point: $\frac{d^2y}{dx^2}>0$ gives a local minimum, while gives a local maximum. A value of zero is inconclusive.

The result of subtracting one first difference from the next first difference.

The differences between consecutive first differences.

A person who grows up in a country to which at least one parent migrated. Del grows up in Britain with a Jamaican-born mother.

The further programme of relief and reform introduced by President Franklin D. Roosevelt from 1935 to tackle continuing hardship during the Great Depression.

An equation whose highest total degree is two: it can contain terms such as $x^2$, $y^2$ or $$, but no higher-degree terms.

Addressing someone as ‘you’, which can draw the reader into another person’s experience.

The Buddhist ethical commitment to refrain from taking what is not freely given.

The war fought between Rome and Carthage from 218 to 201 BC, during which Hannibal invaded Italy and Rome eventually took the fighting to North Africa.

The wave of fear of communist influence and infiltration in the USA after the Second World War, leading to investigations, loyalty checks and restrictions on employment.

The three-man political alliance of Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus, formed after Julius Caesar’s assassination to exercise power over the Roman state.

The three-man ruling alliance of Antony, Octavius and Lepidus, formally established in Rome in 43 BC after Julius Caesar's assassination.

A council of Catholic Church leaders held in 1962–65 which agreed changes to Church practice and doctrine; an example of conciliar Magisterium.

Deliberately keeping information or behaviour hidden from other people.

A leading royal adviser and an especially influential member of the Privy Council.

The British government minister responsible for Indian affairs.

A voting system in which a person's choice is kept private, reducing opportunities for intimidation and bribery.

Hostility, prejudice or discrimination between religious groups or denominations, such as Catholics and Protestants.

Violence directed against people because of their religious or communal identity, particularly between Sunni and Shia communities in post-invasion Iraq.

Loyalty to the interests of a particular region rather than to the country as a whole.

The dimension of a component’s cross-section in the direction relevant to bending.

A wedge-shaped part of a circle, bounded by two radii and an arc. Its angle represents a category’s share of the total in a pie chart.