Key terms & definitions

Internet-based forms of communication, including websites, blogs, podcasts and social media.

The centralised Parliamentarian army formed in 1645, led by Thomas Fairfax, which became both an effective fighting force and a powerful political force.

A mid-nineteenth-century union of skilled workers whose subscriptions funded support for members facing sickness, injury or unemployment.

An artistic movement that examined contemporary life critically and unsentimentally, including social inequality and the consequences of war.

An additional joint owner who invests money in a partnership in exchange for a share of ownership and profits.

The 1834 reform of poor relief in England and Wales, which promoted a deterrent workhouse system intended to reduce costs and discourage dependence on assistance.

Creating a new good or service for sale, from developing an idea through designing and testing it to launching it.

A sociological and political perspective that emphasises self-reliance, individual responsibility and traditional values, and argues that welfare provision can encourage dependency.

A loosely organised movement seeking social change, often around issues such as the environment, animal rights or gay rights.

The name given to Spain’s colonial territory centred on Mexico after the conquest of the Aztec Empire.

A short filmed report of news events, shown in cinemas before the main feature film.

A judgement by media professionals about what is newsworthy, influencing which stories are selected and given prominence.

The criteria used by news producers to judge which events are newsworthy and how much prominence they deserve.

The criteria used by journalists and editors to decide which events are worth reporting.

The judgements used to decide which events are newsworthy and how much attention they receive.

The second main division of the Christian Bible, containing writings about Jesus Christ and the faith and life of the early Church.

Gorbachev’s approach to international relations, which favoured cooperation and reduced confrontation rather than maintaining Soviet control through military force.

The SI unit of force, with symbol N.

The unit of force. A resultant force of 1 N gives a mass of 1 kg an acceleration of $1\text{ m/s}^2$.

An instrument used to measure force in newtons.

An instrument that measures force using a calibrated spring and a scale marked in newtons; also called a spring balance.

A calibrated spring balance used to measure force in newtons.

A calibrated spring-balance that measures force using a scale marked in newtons.

If the resultant force on an object is zero, a stationary object remains stationary and a moving object continues at the same speed in the same direction.

The law relating an object's resultant force, mass and acceleration: $F=ma$.

The law stating that an object's acceleration is proportional to the resultant force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.

The law stating that when two objects interact, each exerts a force on the other that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

Whenever two objects interact, the forces they exert on each other are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

A planned town intended to provide better living conditions and relieve overcrowding in existing cities.

The late-nineteenth-century growth of trade unions among low-paid and unskilled workers, using collective organisation and strikes to improve conditions.