Key terms & definitions

An 1820 settlement providing for Missouri to enter the United States as a slave state and Maine as a free state, preserving the balance between them. It prohibited slavery north of 36°30′ in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory, except Missouri. This territorial restriction was repealed in 1854 and declared unconstitutional in 1857.

An incorrect interpretation of sensory information; Gregory used this idea to explain visual illusions.

An error in which one person is taken to be someone else.

Payment for public service in Athens, including the jury pay introduced by Pericles.

Using evidence in a misleading way, for example by treating an assumption as a proven fact or drawing a conclusion that the evidence cannot support.

A circumstance that may reduce how blameworthy an offender is, without necessarily making the offence acceptable.

A circumstance that makes wrongdoing more understandable or may reduce blame, without necessarily excusing the action.

A circumstance that may justify a less severe sentence, such as remorse or difficult personal circumstances.

Action taken to reduce the harmful effects of a development or decision.

Action taken to reduce the severity or likelihood of a harmful effect.

Action that limits climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions or removing greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.

Action taken to reduce the likelihood or severity of an unwanted effect.

Action that slows climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions or increasing their removal from the atmosphere.

A sub-cellular structure where aerobic respiration occurs and energy is transferred for cell activities.

A sub-cellular structure where the reactions of aerobic respiration take place, releasing energy for cellular processes.

The process by which one cell divides to produce two genetically identical cells.

A type of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells with the same chromosome number as the parent cell.

A connection between two ends cut at matching angles, normally two 45° cuts forming a 90° corner.

Small independent traders, craftsmen and other members of the lower middle class.

A Jewish commandment; the plural is mitzvot. The Torah contains 613 mitzvot.

A day of community social action, begun in Britain in 2008, on which Jews and non-Jews work together to help others and care for the environment.

God’s commandments, which guide Jewish religious practice and ethical conduct.

Describes a teaching group containing pupils with different levels of attainment rather than separating them into sets or streams.

Teaching pupils with different levels of perceived academic ability together in the same class.

An economy combining state-owned enterprises with privately owned businesses.

A fabric containing different types of yarn, such as cotton warp yarns and polyester weft yarns.

A textile made by combining yarns of different fibre types during fabric production, after the yarns have been spun.

A fabric constructed from different types of yarn, such as cotton warp yarns and polyester weft yarns.

The use of more than one research method within a study.

An approach to sociological research that uses more than one method of collecting data.