Key terms & definitions

An association between variables: they vary together, but this does not necessarily mean that one causes the other.

An association between two variables: their values vary together in a recognisable pattern.

Research that examines a relationship between measured variables without manipulating them. A correlation alone cannot establish cause and effect.

A number between −1 and 1 describing the direction and strength of a particular type of relationship between two variables.

The degree to which two variables follow a consistent pattern together. For a straight-line relationship, points clustered closely around a line show stronger correlation.

Bowles and Gintis’s argument that the social relationships and rewards within education mirror those of the capitalist workplace.

Bowles and Gintis’s argument that the social relationships and organisation of schooling mirror those of the capitalist workplace, preparing pupils for employment.

Sides or angles that occupy matching positions in two triangles.

Angles in matching positions where a line crosses two other lines. They are equal when the two crossed lines are parallel.

Angles at different intersections that occupy the same position relative to a transversal and the two lines it crosses. They are equal when those lines are parallel.

Sides, edges, angles or other features that occupy matching positions in two shapes.

Lengths that occupy matching positions in two shapes or representations of the same object.

Sides or measurements that occupy matching positions in similar shapes or solids.

Sides, angles or other measurements that occupy matching positions in two figures.

A side, angle or vertex that matches the same part of another shape.

A pair of vertices, sides or angles that occupy matching positions in two shapes.

A vertex or other point on the image that matches a particular point on the original shape.

Points in the same relative position on an object and its image.

Sides or angles that occupy matching positions in two shapes. They coincide when congruent shapes are fitted exactly onto one another.

A pair of values for the two variables that belong to the same situation, used together when finding the constant of proportionality.

Vertices that occupy matching positions on an original shape and its image.

An armchair-shaped mountain hollow with a steep back wall, deep basin and raised lip, formed by glacial erosion.

Checking evidence from one source against other evidence to see whether it is supported.

Checking an interpretation against other relevant evidence to see whether it is supported.

The gradual destruction of a material through chemical reactions with substances in its environment.

The gradual deterioration of a material through chemical reactions with substances in its environment.

The ability of a material to withstand chemical attack by its surroundings.

The ability to resist chemical deterioration caused by the surrounding environment.

Able to resist chemical attack by substances in the surroundings.

Able to attack and damage materials or living tissue, including skin and eyes.