Key terms & definitions

Negotiation between a trade union and an employer over matters such as workers’ pay and conditions.

Behaviour shared by people acting as part of a group or crowd.

An arrangement in which countries agree that an attack on one member will be treated as an attack on all, and that they will assist its defence.

An arrangement in which countries agree that an attack on one member is a concern for all and that they will assist the attacked member.

A farm on which peasants worked together under state direction, rather than independently deciding how to farm their own holdings.

Farming in which land and resources are managed collectively rather than by individual private farmers.

A community’s understanding of who its members are and which qualities, values and achievements distinguish them from others.

The sense of who someone is through their membership of a group.

Government by several senior figures sharing authority, rather than by a single dominant ruler.

A system in which members of a group shared responsibility for keeping order and could face penalties for failing to fulfil their duties.

Responsibility shared by people whose actions and lives affect one another.

The principle that government ministers must publicly support agreed government decisions, even if they disagreed privately, or are expected to resign.

The principle that countries should act together against an aggressor to protect the peace and security of all members.

A voice that speaks for a group, often using first-person plural pronouns such as ‘we’ and ‘our’.

The organisation of individual farms into larger units under collective or state control.

The bringing together of individual farms into collective or state-controlled agricultural units; under Stalin, this was imposed through coercion.

A cultural emphasis on interdependence, cooperation and responsibilities towards the group.

A culture that places relatively greater emphasis on group needs, cooperation and community goals.

Points are collinear if they lie on the same straight line.

Points that lie on the same straight line.

An event in which objects strike one another and exert forces on each other.

An encounter in which particles come into contact with one another.

A plate boundary where two continental plates move towards one another, compressing and deforming the crust.

The number of collisions between particles in a given time.

The number of collisions occurring each second.

The number of collisions occurring in a given time.

The idea that reacting particles must collide with sufficient energy for a chemical reaction to occur.

An explanation of reaction rates based on how frequently reacting particles collide and whether their collisions have sufficient energy to cause a reaction.

A mixture in which tiny particles, droplets or bubbles of one substance are dispersed throughout another substance.

An informal expression used in everyday conversation.