Calculations involving masses

Calculate the relative formula mass of a compound using relative atomic masses.

Calculate the percentage by mass of a specific element within a compound using relative atomic masses.

Calculate the empirical formulae of simple compounds using reacting masses or percentage composition data.

Deduce the empirical formula of a compound from its molecular formula, and vice versa, using its relative molecular mass.

Describe an experimental procedure to determine the empirical formula of a simple compound, such as magnesium oxide.

Explain the law of conservation of mass in both closed systems (e.g., a precipitation reaction) and non-enclosed systems (e.g., a reaction releasing or absorbing a gas).

Calculate the masses of reactants and products from balanced chemical equations when given the mass of a single substance.

Calculate the concentration of solutions in grams per cubic decimeter (g dm^-3).

Understand that one mole of particles is defined as the Avogadro constant number of particles (6.02 × 10^23) and is equivalent to a mass of the relative particle mass in grams.

Calculate the number of moles of particles in a given mass of a substance, and vice versa.

Calculate the number of particles in a given number of moles or a given mass of a substance, and vice versa.

Explain why the mass of a product in a chemical reaction is limited and controlled by the mass of the reactant that is not in excess.

Deduce the stoichiometry of a chemical reaction using the measured masses of the reactants and products.