Describe the complex, multi-stage process of developing new medical treatments, including discovery, development, preclinical testing, and clinical testing.
Understand that many non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and liver diseases, are caused by complex interactions among multiple risk factors.
Explain the effect of individual lifestyle choices (including diet, exercise, alcohol consumption, and smoking) on the incidence of non-communicable diseases at local, national, and global levels.
Calculate and interpret BMI and waist-to-hip ratios to evaluate physical obesity and malnutrition.
Evaluate the efficacy and implications of different treatment interventions for cardiovascular disease, including life-long medication, surgical procedures, and lifestyle modifications.
