Describe how the physical barriers (such as mucus, cilia, and skin) and chemical defences (such as lysozymes and hydrochloric acid) of the human body provide primary protection against pathogens.
Explain the role of the specific immune system in defending the body against disease, detailing antigen exposure, immune response triggers, and antibody production.
Describe the production of memory lymphocytes following an infection and explain their critical role in generating a rapid secondary immune response.
Explain the body’s artificial immune response triggered by immunisation using an inactive form of a pathogen.
Explain why antibiotics are exclusively effective against bacterial infections, focusing on their mechanism of inhibiting specific cellular processes in bacteria without harming host cells.
