Edexcel GCSE Citizenship Studies key terms

Rules allowing people from participating countries to move between those countries to live and work.

Media able to investigate, report and criticise those in power without government control over their reporting.

A person's sense of their gender, which may be male, female or another gender identity.

An election held across the UK to choose Members of Parliament for the House of Commons.

A particular benefit or change that an action is intended to achieve.

The ministers responsible for directing national policy and putting it into practice; also called the executive.

An organisation responsible for a particular area of government policy and its implementation, such as transport or defence.

Money allocated by government to help a council pay for services.

Money received by government, mainly through taxation.

A court that deals with more complex or high-value civil cases and important legal issues. It can also review the lawfulness of decisions made by public bodies.

Assistance intended to protect lives and relieve suffering during emergencies, such as conflict or disasters.

Assistance intended to meet urgent needs and protect people at risk during or after a crisis.

A basic right belonging to every person because they are human, rather than because of their nationality or status.

A UK law that gives effect to specified European Convention rights in domestic law, allowing people to defend those rights in UK courts.

An election result in which no single party holds more than half the seats in the House of Commons.

The combination of characteristics, experiences and relationships through which a person understands who they are and where they belong.

A set of ideas about how society should be organised and how political power should be used.

The movement of people into a country to live there.

The difference an action makes to individuals, groups or communities.

Reporting that gives appropriate weight to different viewpoints rather than unfairly favouring one side.

The status of a country governing itself as a separate sovereign state, rather than remaining part of another state.

A candidate who stands for election without representing a political party.

Trying to achieve change through representatives, organisations or other intermediaries.

Tax charged on goods or services, usually collected by businesses and passed on to consumers through prices.

Action taken together by workers, such as a strike or overtime ban, to put pressure on an employer during a dispute.

Differences in people’s opportunities or access to resources such as income, education, housing and healthcare.

The ability to affect another person's views, decisions or actions, for example by making a persuasive case.